Absolute Monarchies and the Enlightenment

1. this monarch ruled Spain for 42 years; he strengthened the Catholic Church and made his authority absolute.
3. Peter the Great made this city the capital in 1709.
5. rights that belong to all humans from birth, like the right to life, liberty, and property.
7. a ritual of King Louis XIV; high ranking nobles competed for the honor of holding the king’s royal washbasin or handing the king’s diamond buckled shoes.
8. it granted the Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms.
12. unchanging principles, discovered through reason, that govern all human conduct.
13. he was an Enlightenment philosopher that wrote the book called the Spirit of the Laws; it advocated for a checks and balances system of government.
14. the ruler has complete authority over the government and the lives of the people.

1. this monarch ruled Russia; he notably westernized his kingdom through various political and social reforms.
2. he was an Enlightenment philosopher that had an optimistic view on human nature; he thought people were basically reasonable and moral.
4. he advised King Louis XIV early on during his rule.
6. during the Age of Absolutism, European monarchs embraced the idea that their authority came directly from God.
9. he was an Enlightenment philosopher that wrote the book called Leviathan.
10. a huge fleet of ships.
11. this monarch ruled France from 1643 to 1715; he constructed the Palace of Versailles.
15. he was a Scottish economist who argued that the free market should operate and regulate business.