cybersecurity Crossword Puzzles

Across

3. a numeric system that only uses two digits — 0 and 1
6. also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it
7. a type of denial of service (DoS) attack that sends a series of "SYN" messages to a computer, such as a web server
9. the process of receiving data over the Internet
11. the protection of computer systems from theft of or damage to their hardware
12. an automated program that runs over the Internet
16. the class of data encoding methods that uses inexact approximations and partial data
19. An IP address, or simply an "IP," is a unique address that identifies a device on the Internet
22. A megabyte is 106 or 1,000,000 bytes
24. the language used to create webpages
26. a dot matrix data structure that represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels
28. a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources
29. a technology that recognizes text within a digital image
38. any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form
39. is a database that is located, stored, and maintained in a single location
42. the study of visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition
43. smallest unit of data in a computer
46. a list of applications that are denied of access to a certain system
50. Stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." ASCII character encoding provides a standard way to represent characters using numeric codes
51. An algorithm is a set of instructions designed to perform a specific task
53. A megapixel is one million pixels
54. Cryptography is the science of protecting information by transforming it into a secure format
55. an international standard for a secure cryptoprocessor, a dedicated microcontroller designed to secure hardware
57. any letter, number, space, punctuation mark, or symbol that can be typed on a computer
58. a central file storage location
59. the process of analyzing large amounts of data in order to discover patterns and other information
62. the process of putting/ converting data into a sequence of characters and symbols into a specialized format
63. refers to a collection of systems used to protect the copyrights of electronic media
64. A dossier is a collection of papers or other sources, containing detailed information about a particular person or subject
65. a symmetric-key block cipher
68. Rendering is the process of generating a final digital product from a specific type of input
70. the process of taking encoded or encrypted text or other data and converting it back into text that you or the computer can read and understand
72. a term used to describe unsightly debris that accrues as a result of the experience of digital living
74. the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image
75. - Metadata describes other data about a certain item’s content

Down

1. counts as a barrier between a trusted system or network and outside connections, such as the Internet
2. a continuous transmission of information to our senses
4. A wallpaper or background is a digital image used as a decorative background of a graphical user interface
5. any type of hardware that stores data
8. a facility used to house computer systems and houses computing facilities routers, firewalls, etc.
10. Lossless compression reduces a file's size with no loss of quality
13. cloud computing refers to applications and services offered over the Internet
14. a collection of tables with unknown relationships gathered to serve a specific
15. Stands for "Radio-Frequency Identification." RFID is a system used to track objects, people, or animals using tags that respond to radio waves
17. the primary location from where data comes
18. the address of a specific webpage or file on the Internet
20. information processed or stored by a computer
21. is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces
23. the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users,
25. A disk drive is a device that reads, writes, and deletes data to a disk
27. the ownership of intangible and non-physical goods, such as an idea, name, content, etc,
30. land or resources belonging to or affecting the whole of a community
31. is a computer program that is designed to simulate what might or what did happen in a situation
32. the software and hardwaresystems that support data-intensive applications
33. expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1
34. refers to an enterprise data storage entity into which data has been specifically partitioned for an analytical or reporting purpose
35. A digital signal is a signal that is being used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values
36. consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another
37. U.S. government encryption standard supported by the National Institute of Standards & Technology
40. can be larger than the original packet for the following
41. is an entity that issues digital certificates
44. the number of transistors placed in an integrated circuit or chip doubles approximately every two years
45. a small amount of data sent over a network, such as a LAN or the Internet
47. refers to methods of organizing units of data within larger data sets.
48. a list of items that are granted access to a certain system or protocol
49. a small chip that resides in computers and other electronic devices
52. the part of a view that is nearest to the observer, especially in a picture or photograph
56. a type of RAM that stores each bit of data on a separate capacitor
60. is 109 or 1,000,000,000 bytes
61. Query is another word for question
66. Processing is a programming language designed for the visual arts community
67. an electronic medium used to form a global computer network to facilitate online communication
69. Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) is an emerging technology
71. stores recently used information so that it can be quickly accessed at a later time
73. refers to junk e-mail or irrelevant postings to a newsgroup or bulletin board

Across

2. a type of RAM that stored each bit of data on a separate capacitor
7. the process of receiving data over the Internet
8. acts as a barrier between a trusted system or network and outside connections
10. a device that reads and/or writes data to a disk
11. constructing and manipulating abstract representations of economic, engineering, manufacturing, and other types of situations and natural phenomenon simulated with the help of a computer system
13. most images on your computer are comprised of these
15. small dots that make up the images on computer displays
19. the process of converting data to an unrecognizable or "encrypted" form
21. the process of analyzing large amounts of data in order to discover patterns and other information
25. text an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption
28. 1,000,000,000 bytes
29. a small chip that resides in computers and other electronic devices
30. refers to how much disk space one or more storage devices provides
35. the process of generating a final digital product from a specific type of input
38. a collection of tables with unknown relationships gathered to serve a specific, often transient, often urgent, purpose
39. a specialized chip on an endpoint device that stores RSA encryption keys specific to the host system for hardware authentication
42. a carrier that contains encoded material
44. can transfer data faster than standard Bluetooth 2.0
45. a technology that recognizes text within a digital image
46. a discreet online resource that is collaboratively developed and managed by a community
48. the process of representing data in a visual and meaningful way so that a user can better understand it
51. refers to a collection of systems used to protect copyrights of electronic media
52. a system that transfers data between network access points through data switching, system control, and interconnection transmission lines
54. the science of protecting information by transforming it into a secure format
55. refers to applications and services offered over the internet
58. a list of items that are denied access to a certain system or protocol
60. a set of instructions designed to perform a specific task
62. a system used to track objects, people, or animals using tags that respond to radio waves
64. a central file storage location
65. unsightly debris that occurs as the result of the experience of digital living
68. the process of converting data from one form to another
69. describes other data and provides information about a certain items content
71. a number system that only uses two digits - 0 and 1

Down

1. a unique address that identifies a device on the Internet or a local network
2. information processed or stored by a computer
3. a simple routing technique in computer networks where a source or node sends packets through every outgoing link
4. the address of a specific webpage or file on the internet
5. a continuous transmission of information to senses
6. the area of the screen in graphical uses interfaces against which icons and windows appear
9. a list of items that are granted access to a certain system or protocol
12. the use of digital processing to perform a wide variety of signal processing operations
14. a type of data and information mining process where data is gathered, searched, and presented in a report-based, summarized format to achieve specific business objectives or processes and/or conduct human analysis
16. reduces a file's size with no loss of quality
17. the protection of computer systems from theft or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data
18. a set of programs designed for a specific type of problem in statistics, production control, etc., making it unnecessary for a separate program to be written for each problem
20. a word used to describe the virtual world of computers
21. a file containing detailed records on a particular person or subject
22. 1,000,000 pixels
23. the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data
24. an organized system for the collection, organization, storage, and communication of information
26. enables people to share information online in ways that weren't possible before
27. an automated program that runs over the internet
31. a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently
32. refers to an enterprise data storage entity or entities into which data has been specifically partitioned for an analytical or reporting purpose
33. results in lost data and quality from the original version
34. a symmetric-key block cipher algorithm and U.S. government standard for secure and classifies data encryption and decryption
36. a window for an active application
37. computing computing done at a central location using terminals that are attached to a central computer
40. property refers to the ownership of intangible and non-physical goods
41. a physical or virtual infrastructure used by enterprises to house computer systems and associated components
43. any letter, number, space, punctuation mark, or symbol that can be typed on the computer
47. 1,000,000 bytes
49. consists of multiple devices that communicate with one another
50. the process of decoding data which has been encrypted into a secret format
53. the process of verifying the identity of a person or device
54. stores recently used information so that it can be quickly accessed at a later time
56. the location where data that is being used come from
57. a container or box that carries data over a TCP/IP network and internetworks
59. information is stored using a series of ones and zeros
61. the language used to create webpages
63. states that processor speeds or overall processing power for computers will double every two years
66. junk mail or irrelevant postings to a newsgroup or bulletin board
67. is sent to a computer system and is processed by a software program rather than a person
70. this encoding provides a standard way to represent characters using numeric codes

Across

4. The developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
6. Culture- Is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the practices, beliefs and objects that are dominant or ubiquitous in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects.
8. Often referred to by the initials JFK and Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
12. Cho Lon, South Vietnam now in Vietnam, Vietnamese political leader who served as president, with dictatorial powers, of what was then South Vietnam, from 1955 until his assassination.
13. A Nicaraguan politician serving as President of Nicaragua since 2007
14. Is an alliance of 28 countries bordering the North Atlantic Ocean.
17. A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe.
19. Country that is on its way to becoming an industrialized nation.
22. Economy of all humans of the world.
25. Cambodian Communist movement that was active as a guerrilla force from 1970 to the late 1990s and held power under the leadership of Pol Pot from 1975 to 1979.
26. Was an American general best known for his command of Allied forces in the Pacific Theater during World War II.
31. A large increase in crop production in developing countries
34. nASoviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union 1906-1982
35. Is an Act of the United States Congress that was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.
36. The architect of the Iranian Revolution and the first leader rahbar of the Islamic republic established in 1979. He articulated the concept of guardianship of the jurist using a historical basis, which underlay Iran's Islamic republic.
37. The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
39. Was the 37th president of the United States
42. Often referred to by the initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Formerly the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963, he assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
43. The principal policy making committee of a communist party.
44. The principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection.
51. Was a Chinese nationalist politician, revolutionary and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975.
54. International trade left to its natural course without tariffs.
55. (DHS) is a federal agency designed to protect the United States against threats. Its wide-ranging duties include aviation security, border control, emergency response and cybersecurity.
58. Political dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Such expression may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence.
60. A disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.
62. Is a form of philosophical monism that holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions.
63. Mineral
64. rapid increase in numbers.
65. Interconnected network
66. Involves passing a current through a person's brain to alleviate depressive and other psychiatric symptoms.

Down

1. A Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.
2. Was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China.
3. A replicant.
5. The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.
7. Is an international organization formed in 1945
9. a notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West.
10. A member of the communist guerrilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government forces 1954–75.
11. A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
15. The politically motivated use of computers and information technology to cause severe disruption or widespread fear in society.
16. International document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.
18. Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation
20. A Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.
21. The state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990.
23. Several factors that determine whether or not a country is developed
24. A Vietnamese revolutionary leader of the twentieth century.
27. A region of Earth's stratosphere.
28. Was officially the 21st President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1937 to 1 May 1947 and from 21 May 1950 to 29 September 1956, but ruled effectively as dictator from 1936 until his assassination.
29. The policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information.
30. Was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe,
32. Is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
33. Any of various radical or socialist groups
38. Space Station.
40. Annual percentage of increase in sales that is consistent with a defined financial policy.
41. Commonwealth of Independent States (formerly the USSR)
45. Nonaligned nations.
46. A group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities.
47. Gender inequality acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an individual's lived experience.
48. Was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976
49. The policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system.
50. The US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.
52. The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
53. Is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician.
56. The art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, especially in politics.
57. The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.
59. The 40th president of the United States
61. Was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.

Across

1. A generally derogatory term used to describe activities associated with hacking in its second sense, that of unauthorized access to computer systems.
2. A visual or written representations of sexually explicit nature, whose primary aim or use is to stimulate sexual excitement.
4. means any card, plate, coupon book, or other credit device existing for the purpose of obtaining money, goods, property, labor or services or anything of value on credit;
5. A lower power short range wireless technology design to provide a replacement for the serial cable.
7. A hacker whose intensions are not criminal or malicious
8. In criminal cases, the person charge is referred to as?
11. The systematic observation and monitoring of people and places as a tool for effecting greater control over behavior.
12. A virtual cabinet for storing your mobile devices files.
13. A features that allows other devices to share the mobile internet data of your mobile phone
14. Occurs when a person uses the Internet to steal someone’s identity and/or impersonate them to open a new credit card account or conduct some other financial transaction.
15. Software that is specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system
18. Taking into custody the property described in the searched warrant as a result of a proper search, which is to be utilized as evidence in case.
19. Political activism and social protest that uses hacking tools and techniques
22. The property that information is not made available to unauthorized individual
23. Techniques and tools associated with encoding or scrambling data in such a way as to render it incomprehensible to others not in possession of a key that is needed to decipher the data into its original legible form.
25. The fraudulent practice of sending emails to individuals that purport to come from legitimate Internet retailer or financial service.
26. includes design, alter, authenticate, duplicate or assemble; and
29. What comes before Exabyte
30. A Terrorist activity that targets computer networks and information systems for attack.
36. The language in which most webpage are written.
38. Breaching laws on obscenity and decency
40. Access Control System is generally implemented using firewalls, which provide a centralized point from which to permit or allow to access.
41. Slang for pirated software is called?
42. The intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right, including the introduction or transmission of viruses.
43. The publicly accessible network of computers that emerged in the 1970s and came to span the globe by the late 1990s.
47. Legally institutionalized rights to own and control goods.
48. refer only to the communication’s origin, destination, route, time, date, size, duration, or type of underlying service, but not content, nor identities.
51. A device that records the telephone numbers of calls received by a particular telephone
52. is also called transceiver jargon
53. The act of creative problem solving when faced with complex technical problems; the illicit and usually illegal activities associated with unauthorized access to, interference with, computer system.
54. The act of copying digital material posted online into the storage medium on one’s computer.
55. Method of search used when the area to be search is divided into quadrants and each searcher is assign to one quadrant.
56. The fraudulent practice of establishing facsimiles or legitimate websites, to which victims can be directed and where they will unknowingly surrender sensitive information such as bank details, credit card numbers and account passwords.
57. The willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor or consideration.
58. A person who reads discussions on a message board, news group, chat room, file sharing or other intereactive system, but rarely participates.

Down

1. Doing psychological harm to, or inciting physical harm against others, thereby breaching laws relating to the protection of the person, e.g. hate speech, stalking.
3. Stalking that takes place via online communication mechanism such as email, chat rooms, instant messaging, and discussion lists.
6. Those property rights associated with original expressions, be they in visual, spoken, written, audio or other forms. The possession of copyright over an expression entitles the holder to control its copying and distribution.
9. refers to the collection of tools, policies, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user’s assets.
10. The interactional space or environment created by linking computers together into a communication net5work.
12. Any criminal activity that takes place within or by utilizing networks of electronic communication such as the Internet.
16. A popular term for copyright violations- the unauthorized copying, distribution or sale of informational goods over which some party claims to possess propriety rights.
17. Generally used for encryption process
20. An unauthorized person uses the identity of an unauthorized computer user to access the computer system.
21. Malicious code program written to alter the way
24. The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future.
27. Is one which the ingredients of the offense are committed in many palce
28. Pieces of computer code that can infect computer system causing disruptions to their normal operation.
31. means transferring, or otherwise disposing of, to another, or obtaining control of, with intent to transfer or dispose of.
32. Proof of identity is an essential component to identify intruder
33. The access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right
34. Father of first handed cellular phone
35. Malicious software programs which are infiltrated into computers disguised as benign applications or data.
37. Software that enables a user to obtain covert information about another’s computer activities by transmitting data covertly from their hard drive.
39. The person who develop back rub
44. Any data, device or component that support information related activities.
45. Physical security is most sensitive component, as prevention from cybercrime. Computer network should be protected from access of unauthorized persons.
46. Repeated harassing, or threatening behavior, in which an offender persistently contracts, follows, approaches, threatens or otherwise subjects a victim to unwelcome attentions.
49. A person illegally obtains data from a computer system by leaking it out in small amounts.
50. Criminal acts that tend to go largely unobserved, unremarked, and unrecorded in official assessments and measures of criminal activity.
51. Two words when combined hold the most letter

Across

1. The intentional alteration or reckless hindering or interference with the functioning of a computer or computer network by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, etc.
4. Hardware and/or software designed to prevent unauthorized users from accessing a computer system.
6. refers to the collection of tools, policies, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user’s assets.
8. The act of one individual harassing or intimidating another individual via the Internet.
10. Attempting to mimic an official email from a trusted organization to lure individuals into revealing login information or other personal information.
11. The unlawful or prohibited acts defined and punishable by Republic Act No. 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009, committed through a computer system: Provided, That the penalty to be imposed shall be (1) one degree higher than that provided for in Republic Act No. 9775.
12. The unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system, causing damage thereby with fraudulent intent.
14. refers to a set of instructions executed by the computer to achieve intended results.
15. Malicious software, such as a virus or a worm, that attacks a target computer.
17. the interactional space or environment created by linking computers together into a communication net5work.
19. refers to a representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts, or instructions which are being prepared, processed or stored or have been prepared, processed or stored in a formalized manner and which are intended for use in a computer system.
20. refers to the modification or change, in form or substance, of an existing computer data or program.
22. A program that masks something harmful, such as a worm or virus, that it carries into a device.
23. SYSTEM The overarching program that runs all the functions on a computer or other electronic device.
24. A politically- or ideologically-motivated cyber attack or hack.
26. The unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future.
27. An information packet sent from a website to a web browser that records a user’s activity on that website.
28. A word, phrase, or collection of characters that must be entered correctly on a login page to access content in a restricted area. Administrators may require passwords be a certain length, include capital letters, numbers, or special characters, or be changed after a set length of time.
29. An online journal. Contraction of the term “web log.”
30. The access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right.
32. A camera connected to a computer, generally used to then stream videos to the Internet.
36. A program used to access the Internet. Commonly used browsers include Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox.
39. A software robot that performs automated tasks.
40. refers to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other data processing or communications device, or grouping of such devices, etc.
41. A unique 32-bit binary number that identifies the computer or other host being used to access the Internet.
42. refers to a computer or a computer network, the electronic medium in which online communication takes place.
43. A group of computers that is linked to share data and other information.
45. stalking that takes place via online communication mechanism such as email, chat rooms, instant messaging, and discussion lists.
48. refers to listening to, recording, monitoring or surveillance of the content of communications, including procuring of the content of data, either directly, through access and use of a computer system or indirectly, through the use of electronic eavesdropping or tapping devices, at the same time that the communication is occurring.
49. The acquisition of a domain name over the internet in bad faith to profit, mislead, destroy reputation, and deprive others from registering the same

Down

2. A company that offers access to the Internet.
3. A location where individuals can connect to the Internet wirelessly. This may be in a larger area in a public space or a small space created by a cell phone.
5. refers to the instruction, communication with, storing data in, retrieving data from, or otherwise making use of any resources of a computer system or communication network.
7. The opening section of an electronic message that provides information about the sender, recipients, subject, and the date and time a message was sent.
9. surveillance that focuses not upon the visual or other tracking of the physical individual, but of collecting, collating and analyzing data about the individual’s activity, often in the form of electronic records.
13. Amassed data that is used to describe large amounts of other Internet data.
16. An individual who manages and oversees a network.
17. The intentional acquisition, use, misuse, transfer, possession, alteration or deletion of identifying information belonging to another, whether natural or juridical, without right.
18. the act of copying digital material posted online into the storage medium on one’s computer.
21. A unique Internet identifier registered to an entity (e.g. whitehouse.gov).
25. refers to any device or group of interconnected or related devices, one or more of which, pursuant to a program, performs automated processing of data.
31. an attack on a networked computer or computers that disrupts normal operations to such an extent that legitimate users can no longer access their services.
33. refers to the transmission of information through ICT media, including voice, video and other forms of data.
34. The interception made by technical means without right of any non-public transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system including electromagnetic emissions from a computer system carrying such computer data.
35. The willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system, for favor or consideration.
37. refers to any representation of facts, information, or concepts in a form suitable for processing in a computer system including a program suitable to cause a computer system to perform a function and includes electronic documents and/or electronic data messages whether stored in local computer systems or online.
38. The intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion or deterioration of computer data, electronic document, or electronic data message, without right, including the introduction or transmission of viruses.
40. terrorist activity that targets computer networks and information systems for attack.
44. A way to access an electronic system by bypassing some or all security mechanisms.
46. ENGINE A website that finds information across the Internet based on a set of search criteria.
47. Unsolicited advertising or other information sent out via email or other messaging service.

Across

5. phase in an attack or penetration test in which the attacker or tester gathers information about the target before attacking it
6. biometric camera-based scanner that uses unique features of a palm shown by visible and infrared light
9. technique of discovering things about an organization or person based on what they throw away
11. information is accessible to those authorized to view or modify it
12. mechanism to configure access through a firewall for application that require more than one port
14. attack technique where the threat actor disguises their identity or impersonates another user or resource
16. AAA protocol used to manage remote and wireless authentication infrastructures
17. security entry system with two gateways, only one of which is open at any one time
19. type of port forwarding where the external port is forwarded to a different internal port on the LAN
24. home router implementation of DMZ where all ports with no existing forwarding rules are opened and directed to a single LAN host
27. person or entity responsible for an event that has been identified as a security incident or as a risk
31. social engineering attack where an attacker pretends to be someone they are not
33. password attack where an attacker uses an application to exhaustively try every possible alphanumeric combination to crack encrypted passwords
35. system whose configuration is different from its secure baseline
40. wireless access point that deceives users into believing that it is a legitimate network access point
42. vulnerability in software that is unpatched by the developer or an attack that exploits such a vulnerability
43. weakness that could be triggered accidentally or exploited intentionally to cause a security breach
44. security framework and tools that facilitate the use of personally-owned devices to access corporate networks and data
45. physical intrusion detection and warning that can use circuit, motion, proximity, and duress triggers
48. any type of physical, application, or network attack that affects the availability of a managed resource
50. symmetric 128-, 192, or 256-bit block cipher used for bulk encryption in modern security standards
54. tactic to obtain someone's password or PIN by observing him or her as it is typed in
56. specific method by which malware code infects a target host, often via some vulnerability in a software process
58. protocol framework allowing network devices to autoconfigure services
59. authentication mechanism that allows a user to present a smartcard to operate an entry system
60. allowing a threat actor to enter a site or controlled location without authorization
61. security measure used to identify and block suspicious, malicious and/or inappropriate content in accordance with an organization's policies
62. an attack that uses multiple compromised hosts to overwhelm a service with request or response traffic
63. activity where the goal is to use deception and trickery to convince unsuspecting users to provide sensitive data or to violate security guidelines
65. physical security control that uses cameras and recording devices to visually monitor the activity in a certain area

Down

1. threat actor who is assigned privileges on the system that cause an intentional or unintentional incident
2. email based attack, in which the attacker sends email from a supposedly reputable source to try to elicit private information from the victim
3. malicious script hosted on an attacker's site or coded in a link injected onto a trusted site designed to compromise client browsing the trusted site, circumventing the browser's security model of trusted zones
4. security barrier designed to prevent unauthorized access to a site perimeter
7. protection of computer systems and digital information resources from unauthorized access, attack, theft, or data damage
8. data is stored and transferred as intended and any modification is authorized
10. one or more required security controls is missing or misconfigured on a system
13. attack where the threat actor makes an independent connection between two victims and is able to read and possible modify traffic
15. sturdy vertical post installed to control road traffic or designed to prevent ram-raiding and vehicle-ramming attacks
18. form of phishing which targets specific individuals
20. cipher that uses mathematically linked public and private keys
21. function that converts an arbitrary length string input to a fixed length string output
22. software instructions embedded on a hardware device
23. technique to gain access to a building by following someone who is unaware of their presence
25. hand-held or walkthrough metal detector designed to detect concealed weapons
26. password attack that compares encrypted passwords against a predetermined list of possible password values
28. likelihood and impact of a threat actor exercising a vulnerability
29. standards for authenticating and encrypting access to Wi-Fi networks
30. process in which a router takes requests from the Internet for a particular application and sends them to a designated host on the LAN
32. two way encryption scheme in which encryption and decryption are both performed by the same key
34. physical security mechanisms that ensure a site is sufficiently illuminated for employees and guests to feel safe and for camera-based surveillance systems to work well
36. attack that injects a database query into the input data directed at a server by accessing the client side of the application
37. character string that identifies a particular wireless LAN
38. message digest encrypted using a sender's private key that is appended to a message to authenticate the sender and prove message integrity
39. biometric scanner based on analysis of the unique pattern of blood vessels at the back of the eye
41. framework for negotiating authentication methods that enables systems to use hardware-based identifiers for authentication and establish secure tunnels through which to submit credentials
46. threat actor extracts information while speaking over the phone or VoIP service
47. any method by which cryptographic keys are transferred among users, thus enabling the use of a cryptographic algorithm
49. certain information should only be known to certain people
51. form of phishing which targets senior executives or wealthy individuals
52. group of hosts or devices that have been infected by a control program called a bot that enables attacks to exploit the hosts to mount attacks
53. physical security device that restricts access to ports and internal components to key holders
55. segment isolated from the rest of a private network by one or more firewalls that accepts connections from the Internet over designated ports
57. single sign-on authentication and authorization service that is based on a time-sensitive, ticket-granting system
64. personal authentication mechanism for Wi-Fi networks introduced with WPA3

Across

2. Cheapside was used a crossing point for this (now subterranean) river, commemmorated by the sculpture "Forgotten Streams" by Cristina Iglesias which sits outside the Bloomberg Arcade (8)
4. Cyberpunk novelist who coined the phrase "cyberspace" in 1982, his mystery novel "The Peripheral" depicts a 22nd century Cheapside converted to a Victorian-era cosplay zone where only 19th century costume is allowed (7,6)
6. Cocktail bar around the corner from the office which takes its name from the drink which is a mixture of vermouth, vodka and olive brine (5,7)
7. Spa treatment available in meeting room 5 (7)
9. Fictional plaza which housed the firm's countdown clock as it ticked down to Christmas Eve in 2019 (8)
11. Antonio Meucci, who gives his name to Meeting Room 12, is generally credited with inventing this communication device (8)
13. The firm's current Charity of the Year (6)
15. Bank situated next-door-but-one to the office (7)
16. Floor of the 138 Cheapside building with a roof terrace (7)
18. Meeting room otherwise known as the Jeremy Harris Suite (3)
19. Beginning as an ancient trackway running from Wroxeter through St Albans to London and on to the Kentish ports of Dover, Richborough, Lympne and Reculver, and resdiscovered during Wren's rebuilding of a nearby church after the Great Fire, Watling Sreet was the site of the defeat by the Romans of this leader (6)
20. Original name of the tube station closest to the office, opened in 1900 (4,6)
21. Portly Shakespearian character whose favourite pub was the Boar's Head Tavern in Eastcheap (the eastern end of Cheapside) (3,4,8)
26. Kemp Little-supported innovation centre in Queen Elizabeth Park (6)
28. Optometrist office neighbour (5,6)
29. Fast food restaurant next door to the office, named after the founder's father (4)
30. Warrior of pre-modern Japan who disconcertingly stares at you in the gents urinals of The Ivy Asia (7)
32. Cardboard cut-out which guards the printer in the breakout area (7,4)
34. Host at the Lawyer Awards who presented us with the Boutique Law Firm of the Year award (3,6)
36. Kemp Little was the first law firm to become this (abv) (1,1,1)
38. Cybersecurity programme funded by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and supported by Kemp Little (5)
39. The KL-born software product launched through NewDogOnTheBlock Limited (4,6)
40. Author of the firm's first Passle post ("Are websites making less money because of GDPR?") (6,5)
42. The branding colour used for KL Consulting (6)
43. The landmark found at the highest point in the City of London is dedicated to this important figure of the Apostolic Age, also known as Saul of Tarsus (2,4)
48. The street on which Kemp Little first began (6,4)
49. Surname of the longest-serving KL employee (5)
50. Saint whose feast day is traditionally the date of the Kemp Little charity quiz (6)
51. Name of the Kemp Little service providing privacy and DPO expertise (5)
53. One New Change rooftop bar (7)
55. Surname of the partner whose most important role, some may say, is as the Kemp Little Santa Claus (5)
58. Allegedly made north of the border from construction support beams, another inexplicable feature of the drinks fridge (3,3)
60. On the entrance to the stationery room is a picture which, for some reason he never quite understood, features Andy's head on the body of whom? (3,6,7)
62. Meaning of the recursive acronym used by Richard Stallman, who lends his name to Meeting Room 10, for his free software project launched in 1983 (4,3,4)
63. The firm's office is situated in the ward of Cheap, north of the boundary between the ward of Bread Street and which other? (10)

Down

1. Pub situated on the street in Clue 19, rebuilt as a tavern by Wren in 1668, the plans for the mother church of the Dioces of London were drawn up in its dining room (2,4,7)
3. General paperwork task recorded to HMG.003.0002 (5)
5. Church on Foster Lane where Monday night bell-ringing sessions are sure to delight if you're working late (2,6)
8. Humanoid robot created by Honda in 2000 which gives its name to Meeting Room 13 (5)
10. The nearest pub to the office (3,4,4)
12. English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War, or for giving her name to Meeting Room 4 (4,6)
14. Action film "London Has Fallen", shot in the tube station and streets around the office, stars this actor in a leading role who was sacked as a trainee lawyer (6,6)
16. Venue of the firm's 2019 Christmas party (8,4)
17. The walk-in vault of the Lutyen's-designed Midland Bank building (now The Ned hotel) featured in this James Bond film (10)
22. The totally tropical drink inexplicably still found in the drinks fridge (4)
23. Name of the firm's sponsored guide dog (5)
24. Name for the drinks and group news briefing in the breakout room (8)
25. Named partner of the firm alongside Richard Kemp (8,6)
27. Vice-admiral whose funeral took place at Clue 43 was fatally shot during this battle in 1805 (9)
31. Surname of the Prime Minister in office when Kemp Little was first established (5)
33. Fashion outlet opposite the office controlled by Sir Philip Green (7)
35. The firm's service for entreprenuerial growth companies (5,4)
37. Project founded by negotiation expert Natalie Reynolds to provide 1,000,000 women around the world with the confidence and skills to negotiate effectively (4,4,3)
41. FT ______ Lawyers' Award won by the firm in 2019 for 4Corners (10)
44. Saint whose day is celebrated by the firm in March with scones, jam and cream (5)
45. The sound of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow on Cheapside convinced him to turn back from Highgate and remain in London to become Lord Mayor (4,11)
46. Quoted on the firm's recruitment page of the website, he named one of his products Lisa after his daughter (5,4)
47. "Many law firms keep up with new ____. We lead it." Hero statement used by the firm on a poster around the office (9)
52. Kemp Little's current DMS, loved by everyone (7)
54. Dame Stephanie Shirley, British IT pioneer, who Meeting Room 8 was named after, programmed the flight recorder of this famous trans-atlantic aeroplane (7)
56. Captain _____, English soldier, explorer, colonial governor and Admiral of New England, emortalised in a Disney movie and by way of a statue outside Clue 10 (4,5)
57. Surname of the winner of the Kemp Little poetry writing competition 2019 (6)
59. Day of the One New Change food market (6)
61. Flat-faced gong used by the corporate team to celebrate completion of a deal (3-3)

Across

3. Trusted platform module is a specialized chip on an endpoint device that stores RSA encryption keys specific to the host system for hardware authentication
6. a group or system of interconnected people or things
7. list of items that are granted access to a certain system or protocol
8. Collection of hardware and software needed to have a working system
10. something that is created dynamically according to the needs of the data user
11. request for information from a database
15. a list of email addresses or domains of known spammers which are considered dangerous
16. a large group of network computer servers typically used by organizations for the remote storage, processing, or distribution of large amounts of data
17. state of being protected against criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data
21. the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage and process data
22. A class of data compression algorithms that allows original data to be perfectly reconstructed from compressed data
28. the online world of computer networks and especially the Internet
32. Algorithm for performing encryption or decryption - a series of steps that can be followed as a procedure - which converts plain text into a coded set of data
36. computer program that analyzes data in order to translate it to a form acceptable to the computer
38. a device that allows a computer to read data and/or write data on a disk
39. A type of computing architecture where all or most of the processing is performed on a central server
41. a trusted entity that manages and issues security certificates and public keys used for secure communication in a public network
46. describes the method of converting data for storage or transmission
49. encryption standard developed by IBM - data encryption standard is a block cipher thus applying cryptographic key and algorithms to a block of data rather than one bit at a time
50. enterprise data storage entity in which data has been specifically partitioned for an analytical or reporting purpose
51. Advanced encryption standard is a symmetric block cipher to protect classified information and is implemented in software and hardware to encrypt sensitive data
57. expressed as a series of zero and one, typically represented by values of a physical quantity
58. a unit of information equal to 1 million bytes
60. an instance of a program running in a computer which is started when the program is initiated
62. a rectangular pattern of parallel scanning lines followed by the electron beams on a TV screen or computer monitor
63. the art of writing or solving codes
64. forwarding by a router of a packet from any node to every other node attached to the router
65. to store data and perform calculations using only zeros and ones
66. Central location in which data is stored and managed
67. Digital rights management is a systematic approach to copyright protection for digital media
68. relating to or using signals represented by a continuously variable physical quantity
69. an identifier for devices on the TCP/IP network
71. A small amount of data sent over a network which includes a source and destination

Down

1. the observation that the number of transistors in a dense, integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years
2. to copy data from one computer system to another, typically over the Internet
4. a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is composed
5. a unit of information equal to 1 billion bytes
9. interrelationship among data elements that determine how data is recorded, manipulated, stored and presented in a database
12. primary location from where data comes such as a database, data set or spreadsheet
13. the address of the world wide web page
14. any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files
18. the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users
19. recognition of printed or written text characters by a computer - optical character recognition
20. use of interactive, sensory representations of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building and reasons
23. term referring to creations of the intellect for which a monopoly is assigned to designated owners by law
24. software used to organize and analyze data
25. describes how, when and by whom a particular set of data was collected and how data is formed
26. hypertext markup language is standard text based computer language for creating electronic documents for the web or offline uses
27. the process of converting information or data into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access
29. any letter, number, punctuation mark or symbol that can be typed
30. radio frequency identification is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
31. reduces a file by permanently eliminating certain information
33. the process of representing a real world object or phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations
34. Term used to describe unsightly debris that occurs due to digital living
35. signal that is used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values
37. practice of sending unwanted email messages, frequently with commercial content
40. any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form
42. To store data locally in order to speed up subsequent retrievals
43. well-defined procedure that allows computers to solve a problem
44. An automated program that runs over the Internet - a computer program that executes a specific task according to the users instructions
45. a unit of graphic solution equivalent to 1 million pixels
46. event data recorder’s capture information for analysis or better understanding of an event
47. system that transfers data between network access points known as nodes through data switching, system control and interconnection transmission lines
48. the place an active program is running but is not visible to the user
50. Dynamic random-access memory is a type of random access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a separate tiny capacitator within an integrated circuit
52. Part of a computer system that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication
53. process of generating an image from a model using computer programs
54. process of taking encoded text or other data and converting it back to a text that you or the computer can read and understand
55. Discreet online resource that is collaboratively developed and managed by a community
56. smallest unit of data in a computer
57. the process of examining large databases in order to generate new information
59. quantities, characters or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer
61. contains the applications the user is working on - a priority assigned to programs running in a multitasking environment
67. Collection of documents about a person, event or subject
70. Most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet

Across

1. Terence will pass this certification.

Down

Across

4. the president’s chief foreign affairs advisor, the country’s chief diplomat, and the head of the Department of State, which conducts the United States’ relationships with foreign countries and international organizations.
6. one of the president’s chief economic advisors and head of the department of the treasury, which carries out policy on issues related to the U.S. and global economies and financial systems. The department is home to the U.S. Mint and Internal Revenue Service, among other agencies.
8. the head of the Department of Energy, which executes U.S. policy on energy, environmental, and nuclear issues and oversees seventeen national scientific research laboratories.
9. a country’s attitudes and actions in the international arena. Foreign policy includes two principal elements: goals or interests as the country defines them, such as peace with one’s neighbors, and the means pursued to advance these interests, such as diplomatic negotiations, trade agreements, and military alliances. A country carries out its foreign policy through its dealings with other countries, international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), and nonstate actors such as corporations and advocacy groups.
11. undertaken between two entities, generally countries.
12. the group comprising the vice president of the United States and the heads of all fifteen federal executive departments, such as the secretaries of state, defense, commerce, labor, and education. Other officials may also have cabinet rank, depending on the administration.
14. the so-called honest broker of the national security policy process and the president’s principal advisor on national security issues. The NSA manages the National Security Council (NSC) staff, chairs the principals committee, and coordinates and manages policymaking with the goal of ensuring effective policy development and implementation.
15. the principal defense policy advisor to the president and head of the Department of Defense, which oversees the formulation and execution of defense policy and manages U.S. military forces.
18. the ambassador-level official who advances U.S. foreign policy interests in the bodies and forums of the UN system.
21. head of the Department of Justice and chief lawyer of the U.S. government. Among other duties, they offer advice on the legal aspects of proposed policies to the president and other department heads.
26. a type of presidential directive, or official order from the president, on matters related to national security. Called different names by different administrations, these documents may initiate a review of current policy, reorganize the structure of the national security policy apparatus, or lay out new strategies.
27. a decision issued by the president that carries the full force and effect of law. An executive order usually instructs government departments and agencies to implement or modify particular policies or procedures.
28. the president’s principal advisor for intelligence-related matters and the head of the intelligence community, a network of seventeen agencies and organizations, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), that collect and analyze information to assist policymaking.

Down

1. an act of war wherein a foreign military cuts off access to a specific location, usually a port, to impede deliveries of supplies. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba—calling it a “quarantine” to avoid the implication of declaring war—in response to Soviet missile activity on the island.
2. the highest-ranking member of the U.S. armed forces. The CJCS does not exercise command authority over U.S. troops, but instead works with the leaders of the U.S. military services to fulfill their function as the top military advisor to the president and other senior officials.
3. defensive and offensive actions taken by a government or nonstate actor in the realm of information network systems and digital infrastructure. Specific actions include planting computer viruses, mounting denial-of-service attacks to disrupt internet and network activity, and conducting electronic surveillance.
5. an official partnership between two or more parties based on cooperation in pursuit of a common goal, generally involving security or defense.
7. undertaken among three or more entities, usually countries. The term frequently describes organizations such as the United Nations.
8. the head of the Department of Homeland Security since its creation after the attacks of September 11, 2001. This department works to protect U.S. security by implementing federal policy concerning terrorism prevention, border security, immigration, disaster response, and cybersecurity.
10. the second-highest-ranking official of the U.S. government and first in line to assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or becomes unable to serve. Though given only one responsibility in the Constitution—to serve as president of the U.S. Senate, with the power to break ties—the vice presidency has become a visible part of the modern White House. Today’s vice presidents undertake a variety of functions, from serving as an all-purpose presidential advisor to carrying out diplomatic trips abroad. The personality of the individual who occupies this post and their relationship with the president define the scope of the role.
13. a law signed by President Harry S. Truman in 1947 to reorganize the agencies and processes related to intelligence, foreign policy, and the military. Among its reforms, the act established the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
16. the president’s national security and foreign policy personnel. The NSC staff receives direction from the president via the national security advisor, provides expertise on issues and regions, and collaborates frequently with employees from other government departments and agencies to carry out the interagency policymaking process.
17. a tool of statecraft, frequently involving economic measures such as asset freezes and trade restrictions, used to exact a certain behavior or outcome from another party. The U.S. and European Union sanctions against Russian companies and individuals that aim to encourage Russia to end its interference in Ukraine are an example.
19. the intermediate-level setting, below the principals committee, for debating issues in the National Security Council (NSC) system. Chaired by the deputy national security advisor, it comprises the second- and third-ranking leaders of the departments and agencies represented on the National Security Council. It manages the interagency process up and down, answering to the principals committee and assigning and reviewing the work of interagency policy committees.
20. individuals or groups that do not belong to or act on behalf of a state. This may refer to nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International, media outlets such as the New York Times, or terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda.
22. involving two or more agencies. The National Security Council (NSC), for example, is an interagency forum, not a forum internal to any one agency.
23. the lowest-level setting for debating issues in the National Security Council (NSC) system and the home of much of the day-to-day work needed to formulate and implement U.S. foreign policy. Often chaired by a senior director on the NSC staff, IPCs develop, coordinate, and carry out policy options in distinct regional and functional areas.
24. a tax on goods arriving from a foreign country, generally used as a tool of trade and foreign policy to penalize adversaries or favor allies or domestic producers.
25. undertaken by only one entity, generally a country.
26. an interagency body that serves as the forum for the president to discuss and take action on the most critical national security issues facing the United States. Its membership has varied since its creation in 1947, and now includes the president, vice president, national security advisor, secretaries of state and defense, and a variety of other senior officials.

Across

7. signal that is used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values
10. Most common format for text files in computers and on the Internet
11. relating to our using signal is represented by a continuously variable physical quantity
12. authority: a trusted entity that manages and issues security certificates and public keys used for secure communication in a public network
13. list of items that are granted access to a certain system or protocol
14. to store data and perform calculations using only zeros and ones
20. the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users
21. the place an active program is running but is not visible to the user
24. Digital rights management is a systematic approach to copyright protection for digital media
26. describes how, when and by whom a particular set of data was collected and how data is formed
27. a unit of information equal to 1 million bytes
28. Term used to describe unsightly debris that occurs due to digital living
31. state of being protected against criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data
34. the address of the world wide web page
36. the observation that the number of transistors in a dense, integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years
37. forwarding by a router of a packet from any node to every other node attached to the router
38. A small amount of data sent over a network which includes a source and destination
39. event data recorder’s capture information for analysis or better understanding of an event
41. hypertext markup language is standard text based computer language for creating electronic documents for the web or offline uses
43. smallest unit of data in a computer
45. a list of email addresses or domains of known spammers which are considered dangerous
49. Dynamic random-access memory is a type of random access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a separate tiny capacitator within an integrated circuit
51. Trusted platform module is a specialized chip on an endpoint device that stores RSA encryption keys specific to the host system for hardware authentication
52. quantities, characters or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer
53. a group or system of interconnected people or things
56. term referring to creations of the intellect for which a monopoly is assigned to designated owners by law
57. a device that allows a computer to read data and/or write data to a disk
58. request for information from a database
61. Discreet online resource that is collaboratively developed and managed by a community
62. the process of converting information or data into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access
64. describes the method of converting data for storage or transmission
65. to copy data from one computer system to another, typically over the Internet
66. the process of examining large databases in order to generate new information
67. the art of writing or solving codes
69. enterprise data storage entity in which data has been specifically partitioned for an analytical or reporting purpose
70. the online world of computer networks and especially the Internet
71. something that is created dynamically according to the needs of the data user
74. an instance of a program running in a computer which is started when the program is initiated
75. primary location from where data, such as a database, data set or spreadsheet

Down

1. Collection of documents about a person, event or subject
2. expressed as a series of zero and one, typically represented by values of a physical quantity
3. Algorithm for performing encryption or decryption - a series of steps that can be followed as a procedure - which converts plain text into a coded set of data
4. the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage and process data
5. Central location in which data is stored and managed
6. a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is come
8. system that transfers data between network access points known as nodes through data switching, system control and interconnection transmission lines
9. a rectangular pattern of parallel scanning lines followed by the electron beams on a TV screen or computer monitor
15. any letter, number, punctuation mark or symbol that can be typed
16. well-defined procedure that allows computers to solve a problem
17. any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form
18. use of interactive, sensory representations of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building and reasons
19. An automated program that runs over the Internet - a computer program that executes a specific task according to the users instructions
22. a large group of network computer servers typically used by organizations for the remote storage, processing, or distribution of large amounts of data
23. radio frequency identification is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
25. Collection of hardware and software needed to have a working system
29. a unit of graphic solution equivalent to 1 million pixels
30. an identifier for devices on the TCP/IP network
32. A class of data compression algorithms that allows original data to be perfectly reconstructed from compressed data
33. encryption standard developed by IBM - data encryption standard is a block cipher thus applying cryptographic key and algorithms to a block of data rather than one bit at a time
35. reduces a file by permanently eliminating certain information
40. a unit of information equal to 1 billion bytes
42. process of taking encoded text or other data and converting it back to a text that you or the computer can read and understand
44. into relationship among data elements that determine how data is recorded, manipulated, stored and presented in a database
46. A type of computing architecture where all or most of the processing is performed on a central server
47. computer program that analyzes data in order to translate it to a form acceptable to the computer
48. any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files
50. the process of representing a real world object or phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations
54. software used to organize and analyze data
55. process of generating an image from a model using computer programs
59. Part of a computer system that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward communication
60. practice of sending unwanted email messages, frequently with commercial content
63. contains the applications the user is working on - a priority assigned to programs running in a multitasking environment
68. To store data locally in order to speed up subsequent retrievals
72. recognition of printed or written text characters by a computer - optical character recognition
73. Advanced encryption standard is a symmetric block cipher to protect classified information and is implemented in software and hardware to encrypt sensitive data

Across

4. Intentional alteration or reckless interference with the functioning of a computer or computer network.
5. stalking that takes place via online communication mechanism such as email, chat rooms, instant messaging, and discussion lists.
8. pieces of computer code that can infect computer system causing disruptions to their normal operation.
10. surveillance that focuses not upon the visual or other tracking of the physical individual, but of collecting, collating and analyzing data about the individual’s activity, often in the form of electronic records.
13. Intentional or reckless alteration, damaging, deletion of computer data.
14. a person illegally obtains data from a computer system by leaking it out in small amounts.
17. occurs when a person uses the Internet to steal someone’s identity and/or impersonate them to open a new credit card account or conduct some other financial transaction.
18. represents the definitive view of the of privacy rights, privacy principles and security measures in the personal data that are being created, collected, stored, transmitted, used, disclosed, and destroyed by an enterprise or agency.
19. crossing boundaries into other people’s property and/or causing damage, e.g. hacking, defacement, viruses.
20. proof of identity is an essential component to identify intruder.
21. malicious software programs which are infiltrated into computers disguised as benign applications or data.
22. the act of copying digital material posted online into the storage medium on one’s computer.
24. terrorist activity that targets computer networks and information systems for attack.
27. a notoriously slippery term used to denote representations, expressions, or actions ( often of a sexual nature) that are held to be generally offensive and thus unacceptable by society at large.
28. refers to the collection of tools, policies, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment, and organization and user’s assets.
30. Techniques and tools associated with encoding or scrambling data in such a way as to render it incomprehensible to others not in possession of a key that is needed to decipher the data into its original legible form.
31. the practice of allowing others to make copies of files stored on a computer via downloading. The practice is generally associated with the sharing of music, movies, images and software via websites dedicated to such copying.
32. the publicly accessible network of computers that emerged in the 1970s and came to span the globe by the late 1990s.
33. Acquisition of a domain name over the internet in bad faith to profit, mislead, destroy reputation, and deprive others from registering the same.
35. visual or written representations of sexually explicit nature, whose primary aim or use is to stimulate sexual excitement.
39. Unlawful or prohibited acts of libel as defined in Article 355 of the Revised penal code, as amended, committed through a computer system.
40. Unauthorized input, alteration, or deletion of computer data or program or interference in the functioning of a computer system, causing damage thereby with fraudulent intent.
41. the act of creative problem solving when faced with complex technical problems; the illicit and usually illegal activities associated with unauthorized access to, interference with, computer system.
44. any criminal activity that takes place within or by utilizing networks of electronic communication such as the Internet.
45. a general term for a variety of computer codes (such as viruses, logic bombs, and Trojan horses) which are designed to disrupt or interfere with a computer’s normal operation.
47. the right to be left alone; freedom from observation and interference from others.
48. the fraudulent practice of establishing facsimiles or legitimate websites, to which victims can be directed and where they will unknowingly surrender sensitive information such as bank details, credit card numbers and account passwords.
49. the systematic observation and monitoring of people and places as a tool for effecting greater control over behavior.
50. a stage of socio-economic development in which the importance previously allocated to the production of material goods and resources is superseded by the centrality of knowledge and information in economic activity.

Down

1. is the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event in the Cyberspace which could be considered non-desirable.
2. Willful engagement, maintenance, control, or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity, with the aid of a computer system.
3. an attack on a networked computer or computers that disrupts normal operations to such an extent that legitimate users can no longer access their services.
6. Access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right.
7. the activity of altering the code organizing a website so as to alter the visible screen content.
9. property that takes the form of ideas, expressions, sign, symbols, designs, logos, and similar intangible forms.
11. a generally derogatory term used to describe activities associated with hacking in its second sense, that of unauthorized access to computer systems.
12. Repeated harassing, or threatening behavior, in which an offender persistently contracts, follows, approaches, threatens or otherwise subjects a victim to unwelcome attentions.
15. negative information is spread online about a stock, driving down its price and enabling people to buy it at an artificially low price before rebuttals by the company’s officers reinflate the price.
16. a popular term for copyright violations- the unauthorized copying, distribution or sale of informational goods over which some party claims to possess propriety rights.
23. those property rights associated with original expressions, be they in visual, spoken, written, audio or other forms. The possession of copyright over an expression entitles the holder to control its copying and distribution.
25. is an assurance that comes from a proactive and standard-based identification and detection, and an integrated protection and response against varied threats. It is controlled vulnerability in the policy, process, product, and people of digital information service delivery.
26. refers to a computer or a computer network, the electronic medium in which online communication takes place.
29. online marketplaces enabling individuals and businesses to post a wide variety of items for sale.
34. the social, economic, political and cultural process in which local and national spatial limits on interaction are overcome, and thus come to span the globe.
36. criminal acts that tend to go largely unobserved, unremarked, and unrecorded in official assessments and measures of criminal activity.
37. political activism and social protest that uses hacking tools and techniques.
38. the fraudulent practice of sending emails to individuals that purport to come from legitimate Internet retailer or financial service. The aim of phishing is to persuade the victim to voluntarily disclose sensitive information, such as bank account and credit card details, which can then be exploited to defraud the individual concerned.
42. the interactional space or environment created by linking computers together into a communication network.
43. legally institutionalized rights to own and control goods.
46. market economic activity undertaken via the internet or similar electronic communication networks.

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2. the president’s national security and foreign policy personnel. The NSC staff receives direction from the president via the national security advisor, provides expertise on issues and regions, and collaborates frequently with employees from other government departments and agencies to carry out the interagency policymaking process
7. the group comprising the vice president of the United States and the heads of all fifteen federal executive departments, such as the secretaries of state, defense, commerce, labor, and education. Other officials may also have cabinet rank, depending on the administration
10. one of the president’s chief economic advisors and head of the department of the treasury, which carries out policy on issues related to the U.S. and global economies and financial systems. The department is home to the U.S. Mint and Internal Revenue Service, among other agencies
11. the highest-ranking member of the U.S. armed forces. The CJCS does not exercise command authority over U.S. troops, but instead works with the leaders of the U.S. military services to fulfill their function as the top military advisor to the president and other senior officials
13. an official partnership between two or more parties based on cooperation in pursuit of a common goal, generally involving security or defense
18. a law signed by President Harry S. Truman in 1947 to reorganize the agencies and processes related to intelligence, foreign policy, and the military. Among its reforms, the act established the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
19. undertaken between two entities, generally countries
21. an act of war wherein a foreign military cuts off access to a specific location, usually a port, to impede deliveries of supplies. In 1962, President John F. Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba—calling it a “quarantine” to avoid the implication of declaring war—in response to Soviet missile activity on the island
23. a tax on goods arriving from a foreign country, generally used as a tool of trade and foreign policy to penalize adversaries or favor allies or domestic producers
25. the so-called honest broker of the national security policy process and the president’s principal advisor on national security issues. The NSA manages the National Security Council (NSC) staff, chairs the principals committee, and coordinates and manages policymaking with the goal of ensuring effective policy development and implementation
28. individuals or groups that do not belong to or act on behalf of a state. This may refer to nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International, media outlets such as the New York Times, or terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda
29. second-highest-ranking official of the U.S. government and first in line to assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or becomes unable to serve. Though given only one responsibility in the Constitution—to serve as president of the U.S. Senate, with the power to break ties—the vice presidency has become a visible part of the modern White House. Today’s vice presidents undertake a variety of functions, from serving as an all-purpose presidential advisor to carrying out diplomatic trips abroad. The personality of the individual who occupies this post and their relationship with the president define the scope of the role

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1. undertaken among three or more entities, usually countries. The term frequently describes organizations such as the United Nations
3. the principal defense policy advisor to the president and head of the Department of Defense, which oversees the formulation and execution of defense policy and manages U.S. military forces
4. a type of presidential directive, or official order from the president, on matters related to national security. Called different names by different administrations, these documents may initiate a review of current policy, reorganize the structure of the national security policy apparatus, or lay out new strategies
5. an interagency body that serves as the forum for the president to discuss and take action on the most critical national security issues facing the United States. Its membership has varied since its creation in 1947, and now includes the president, vice president, national security advisor, secretaries of state and defense, and a variety of other senior officials
6. he ambassador-level official who advances U.S. foreign policy interests in the bodies and forums of the UN system
8. the president’s chief foreign affairs advisor, the country’s chief diplomat, and the head of the Department of State, which conducts the United States’ relationships with foreign countries and international organizations
9. the president’s principal advisor for intelligence-related matters and the head of the intelligence community, a network of seventeen agencies and organizations, such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), that collect and analyze information to assist policymaking
10. the head of the Department of Homeland Security since its creation after the attacks of September 11, 2001. This department works to protect U.S. security by implementing federal policy concerning terrorism prevention, border security, immigration, disaster response, and cybersecurity
12. undertaken by only one entity, generally a country
14. the head of the Department of Energy, which executes U.S. policy on energy, environmental, and nuclear issues and oversees seventeen national scientific research laboratories
15. a decision issued by the president that carries the full force and effect of law. An executive order usually instructs government departments and agen
16. defensive and offensive actions taken by a government or nonstate actor in the realm of information network systems and digital infrastructure. Specific actions include planting computer viruses, mounting denial-of-service attacks to disrupt internet and network activity, and conducting electronic surveillance
17. a tool of statecraft, frequently involving economic measures such as asset freezes and trade restrictions, used to exact a certain behavior or outcome from another party. The U.S. and European Union sanctions against Russian companies and individuals that aim to encourage Russia to end its interference in Ukraine are an example
20. head of the Department of Justice and chief lawyer of the U.S. government. Among other duties, they offer advice on the legal aspects of proposed policies to the president and other department heads.
22. involving two or more agencies. The National Security Council (NSC), for example, is an interagency forum, not a forum internal to any one agency
24. the intermediate-level setting, below the principals committee, for debating issues in the National Security Council (NSC) system. Chaired by the deputy national security advisor, it comprises the second- and third-ranking leaders of the departments and agencies represented on the National Security Council. It manages the interagency process up and down, answering to the principals committee and assigning and reviewing the work of interagency policy committees
26. the lowest-level setting for debating issues in the National Security Council (NSC) system and the home of much of the day-to-day work needed to formulate and implement U.S. foreign policy. Often chaired by a senior director on the NSC staff, IPCs develop, coordinate, and carry out policy options in distinct regional and functional areas
27. a country’s attitudes and actions in the international arena. Foreign policy includes two principal elements: goals or interests as the country defines them, such as peace with one’s neighbors, and the means pursued to advance these interests, such as diplomatic negotiations, trade agreements, and military alliances. A country carries out its foreign policy through its dealings with other countries, international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), and nonstate actors such as corporations and advocacy groups

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4. the process of discovering interesting and useful patterns and relationships in large volumes of data
6. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
7. a space in your computer's hard drive and in RAM memory where your browser saves copies of previously visited Web pages
9. discreet online resource that is collaboratively developed and managed by a community
14. digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources
18. Advanced Encryption Standard, the standard for data encryption adopted by the NIST in 2001
20. Trusted Platform Module, specialized chip on an endpoint device that stores RSA encryption keys specific to the host system for hardware authentication
22. a device that originates, or generates, an information transfer to one or more receivers
27. storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of a computer's hard drive
28. information processed or stored by a computer
30. virtual space created by interconnected computers and computer networks on the Internet
33. used by many websites for encryption to protect files and information that is transmitted over the Internet
35. computing done at a central location, using terminals that are attached to a central computer
36. Constructing and manipulating abstract (mathematical and , or graphical) representations of economic, engineering, manufacturing, social, and other types of situations and natural phenomenon, simulated with the help of a computer system
37. radio frequency identification, similar to barcodes
38. data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost; this technique attempts to eliminate redundant info
40. an online platform which people use to build social networks or social relations with other people
42. a collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other
44. software that helps you organize and analyze data
45. an identifier for devices on a TCP , IP network
48. recognition of printed or written text characters by a computer(optical character recognition)
52. event data recorder
53. a numeric system that only uses two digits — 0 and 1
56. namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces
58. any intangible asset, something proprietary that doesn't exist as a physical object but has value
64. process of taking encoded or encrypted text or other data and converting it back into text that you or the computer can read and understand
66. smallest unit of data in a computer, has a single binary value of 0 or 1
67. form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved
68. an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its activity.
69. central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage
70. a request for information from a database
71. term used to describe unsightly debris that accrues as the result of the experience of digital living
73. a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks

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1. Dynamic random access memory, type of memory that is typically used for data or program code that a computer processor needs to function
2. unsolicited junk email sent indiscriminately in bulk, often for commercial purposes
3. known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it
5. the forwarding by a router of a packet from any node to every other node attached to the router except the node from which the packet arrived
6. set of steps for solving a particular problem
8. the protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware, software and data, from cyberattacks
10. contains the applications the user is working on
11. a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data.
12. facility used to store computers, servers, routers, switches, and other networking equipment in a single location
13. an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits
15. A method of presenting data or information in non-traditional, interactive graphical forms
16. a digital image (photo, drawing etc.) stored on a graphical user interface on the screen of a computer, mobile communications device or other electronic device.
17. list of items that are granted access to a certain system or protocol
19. any letter, number, space, punctuation mark, or symbol that can be typed on a computer
21. a place where multiple databases or files are located for distribution over a network
23. the translation of data into secret code
24. any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and 1
25. transmission of a file from one computer system to another
26. any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form for purposes such as statistical analysis
29. a small chip that resides in computers and other electronic devices
31. data compression techniques in which no data is lost
32. the phrase used to describe the method of preparing data for storage or transmission
34. hypertext markup language, a formatting system for displaying text, graphics, and audio retrieved over the Internet on a computer monitor
39. the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image
41. is a dot matrix data structure that represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels (points of color), viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium
43. type of security program that enables encryption and decryption of a data stream at rest or in transit
46. Data Encryption Standard is a block cipher, meaning a cryptographic key and algorithm are applied to a block of data simultaneously rather than one bit at a time
47. any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects
49. measure of a computer's disk storage capacity or a computer file's size. Equal to 1,024 kilobytes.
50. art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text
51. an automated program that runs over the Internet
54. basic access control mechanism that allows through all elements except those explicitly mentioned
55. Digital rights management, refers to any scheme that controls access to copyrighted material using technological means
57. created in order to get information when the need arises
59. trend regarding the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits doubling every year
60. data about data; describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how data is formatted
61. when two or more computers are linked in order to share resources
62. a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network
63. used in reference to resolution of graphics device. Equal to 1,000,000 pixels
64. a collection of documents about a person, event, or subject
65. unit of data storage capacity that is roughly equivalent to 1 billion bytes
71. sources the source of the data
72. Uniform Resource Locator, a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it

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1. Irrelevant or inappropriate messaging sent through email to a large number of recipients

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