11. Hundred Years' War

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Across
  1. 2. ________ XI (1423-1483) - dubbed the Spider King for his skill at establishing and manipulating alliances / introduced the silk industry in France / ended the Hundred Years' War and centralized power, laying the foundation for a modern nation-state - a more unified France
  2. 3. ________ VI (1380-1422) - French king known who suffered from severe mental illness / his ineffectiveness allowed the rivalry btw. the houses of Orleans and Burgundy to burst into open conflict - Henry V of England took advantage of France's civil unrest in order to revive the hostilities in the Hundred Years' War
  3. 6. Treaty of ________ - signed in 1420 btw. Henry V of England and Charles VI the Mad of France / the terms of the treaty granted Charles VI's daughter to Henry V in marriage and guaranteed the right of succession to the French throne to Henry V and his heirs
  4. 8. ________ Years’ War (1337-1453) - series of conflicts btw. England and France fought primarily over English territorial claims in France and French succession / despite early victories, France ultimately defeated England and expelled the English from nearly all of their French territories / helped strengthen the French monarchy and French national identity
  5. 9. (1415) Battle of ________ - saw a small English force under Henry V defeat a much larger French army - the French were hampered by heavy armor in muddy conditions and the English scored a spectacular victory - the English had fewer than 200 casualties, while the French lost more than 5,500 men, including about 500 members of the nobility
  6. 10. ________ VI (1293-1350) - first king of France from the House of Valois - Charles IV's death without a male heir ended the Capetian dynasty in 1328 and set up the circumstance for the English claim to the French throne that precipitated the Hundred Years' War
  7. 12. ________ IV (1367-1413) - recognized as king by Parliament in 1399 after Richard II was forced to abdicate / son of John of Gaunt, one of Richard II's uncles / faced revolts from Richard II's supporters, as well as rebellions by the Scots and the Welsh - his entire reign was marked by civil unrest / first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest 300 years earlier
  8. 15. one of the largest duchies in medieval France / after being combined with the duchy of Gascony in the 11th century, it comprised most of southwestern France and was semi-independent in its own right / region remained under English rule, until it was finally retaken by the French in 1453 - the duke of Aquitaine was the king of England
  9. 17. ________ Dynasty (987-1328) - French royal dynasty beginning w/ Hugh Capet / early ________ kings controlled relatively little territory, but gradually expanded the royal domain and strengthened the authority of the French monarchy - laid the foundations for a more centralized French state / succeeded by the Valois, a cadet branch of the ________ family
  10. 18. War of the ________ (1455-1485) - a series of civil wars in England fought btw. the rival houses of Lancaster and York - their heraldic symbols were a white rose and a red rose respectively / losses in the Hundred Years' War, economic problems, and the weak rule of Henry VI contributed to the rise of the Duke of York, who believed he had a stronger claim to the throne
  11. 21. ________ IV (1268-1314) - sought to reduce the power of the nobility, which sparked several rebellions / his attempts to tax the clergy led to an open conflict with the Pope / summoned the first Estates General / with his determination to maintain sovereignty over French affairs, France was characterized by a strong centralized government by the end of his reign / fought the English over Edward I's possession of Aquitaine (later known as Gascony) - he saw English vassalage in France as a threat to his authority and a symbol of English influence in France / pressured Pope Clement V to dissolve the Knights Templar in 1312, allowing him to appropriate the enormous wealth of the order
  12. 22. became a regular/permanent institution during the 13th-14th centuries / English legislative body of state composed of the monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons / gained increasing influence over taxation and government decisions
  13. 24. ________ Carta (1215) - charter forced upon King John of England that established the principle that the king was subject to the law and placed limits on royal authority / became an important foundation for the later development of Parliament and constitutional government in England
Down
  1. 1. ________ General - first convened in 1302 by Philip IV / national representative body in France - its members were from the three classes, or estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the so-called working class
  2. 4. one of the two French royal houses that struggled for control of the French throne during the reign of Charles VI / provided military support to England during the Hundred Years' War
  3. 5. ________ of Arc (1412-1431) - patron saint of France, aka the Maid of Orleans / rallied French forces in support of the dauphin Charles, later Charles VII of France / captured by Burgundian soldiers and sold to the English, who tried her as a heretic and then had her burned at the stake
  4. 7. French term given to the heir apparent to the throne
  5. 10. ________ Sanction of 1438 - issued by Charles VII / reaffirmed the authority of the French king over income and personnel of the French Church, ending the dispute that Philip IV had begun more than a century earlier and ensuring the autonomy of the French clergy from the Roman papacy
  6. 11. ________ Dynasty - English royal dynasty that ruled from the accession of Henry II in 1154 until the death of Richard III in 1485 / originated in the French county of Anjou and controlled extensive territories in France, making English kings among the most powerful rulers in Western Europe / during their rule, Henry II strengthened royal authority and developed English common law / King John was forced to accept the Magna Carta (1215), limiting the king's authority / the dynasty later oversaw the development of Parliament and the Hundred Years' War with France / ended with the death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), after which the Tudor dynasty came to power
  7. 13. ________ II (1367-1400) - an unpopular ruler who became king of England at 10 years old after the death of his grandfather Edward III in 1377 / helped suppress the Peasants' Revolt in 1381 and attempted to strengthen royal authority by limiting the influence of powerful nobles / his conflicts w/ the nobility and failed policies during the Hundred Years' War weakened his rule / was overthrown in 1399 by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV
  8. 14. ________ V (1387-1422) - brilliant military commander who resumed hostilities with the French and won numerous victories, including the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415 / allied with the Holy Roman Emperor, which put further pressure on the French / secured the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, which forced Charles VI to accept him as the heir to the French throne - this was an attempt to unite England and France under one ruler / contributed to English national identity / his death marked a major turning point in the Hundred Years' War, weakening English claims on the French throne
  9. 16. ________ III (1312-1377) - transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe / after invading Scotland and growing tensions with France, Edward III claimed the French throne through his mother in 1337 - initiating the Hundred Years’ War
  10. 19. ________ II (1319-1364) - King of France, who was captured by Edward, the Black Prince, at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 - he was permitted to leave his English prison in an attempt to collect his own ransom from the English / lacked the ability to contain the English forces and marauding mercenaries known as the Free Companies, or to adequately cope with the disease and famine that left his kingdom demoralized
  11. 20. (1356) Battle of ________ - saw an English force, under Edward, the Black Prince, defeat a French army / the French king, John II, was captured, delivering another blow to the French feudal nobility
  12. 23. ________ Empire - a collection of territories held by the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly all of present-day England, half of France, and parts of Ireland and Wales / the influence and power of the Angevin kings brought them into conflicts with the kings of France of the House of Capet (Capetian dynasty), to whom they owed feudal homage for their French possessions