1776-1812

5. Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, the power of the Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
10. Controversial laws passed by Federalists to limit dissent and restrict immigration; criticized as unconstitutional.
11. A diplomatic scandal where French agents demanded bribes from American envoys, sparking anti-French sentiment.
13. The foundational legal document establishing the framework of the U.S. government, including separation of powers and federalism.
14. First Secretary of the Treasury who created the national bank and advocated for a strong federal government.
15. A treaty between the U.S. and Britain that averted war but was unpopular for its concessions to British interests.
17. First President of the U.S. (1789–1797), set many precedents for the role, including a peaceful transfer of power.
18. A law passed under Jefferson banning trade with all foreign nations, aiming to protect American interests but damaging the economy.
20. A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defending the Constitution and promoting its ratification.

1. The U.S. purchase of French territory doubling the nation’s size; negotiated by Jefferson.
2. Political statements arguing that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
3. A protest against a federal tax on whiskey; suppressed by Washington, demonstrating federal power under the new Constitution.
4. Supporters of a strong central government and the ratification of the Constitution, led by Alexander Hamilton.
6. The first constitution of the U.S., creating a weak central government and giving most power to the states.
7. A document adopted by the Continental Congress declaring the 13 colonies free and independent from British rule.
8. A conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and frontier tensions; ended in stalemate but boosted national pride.
9. A meeting in Philadelphia where delegates drafted the current U.S. Constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation.
12. Author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President; led the Democratic-Republicans and opposed Hamilton’s policies.
16. Opponents of the Constitution’s ratification, who feared centralized power and demanded a Bill of Rights.
19. The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion.