19.1-19.3

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Across
  1. 2. an economic system characterized by private ownership of businesses and industry, where production primarily occurs in factories using mechanized methods
  2. 5. Alexander II was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator.
  3. 11. a diplomatic conference convened in 1814-1815 to restore stability and order to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. 13. Victoria Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was longer than those of any of her predecessors, constituted the Victorian era.
  5. 18. wet or cover (a surface) with water, especially rainwater.
  6. 19. Manchester is a major city in the northwest of England with a rich industrial heritage. The Castlefield conservation area’s 18th-century canal system recalls the city’s days as a textile powerhouse, and visitors can trace this history at the interactive Museum of Science & Industry. The revitalised Salford Quays dockyards now house the Daniel Libeskind-designed Imperial War Museum North and the Lowry cultural centre.
  7. 21. (1773-1859) was a prominent Austrian statesman and diplomat who played a key role in shaping European politics after the Napoleonic Wars. He is best known for his role at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), where he helped establish a system of alliances and power balances to maintain peace in Europe. His policies were deeply rooted in conservatism, emphasizing stability and traditional hierarchies.
  8. 24. the belief and advocacy for the end of slavery and the slave trade, promoting the freedom and rights of enslaved people
  9. 26. Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi was an Italian general, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered to be one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini
  10. 27. Robert Owen was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist, political philosopher and social reformer, and a founder of utopian socialism and the co-operative movement
  11. 29. the process of being united or made into a whole.
  12. 30. "Louis Napoleon" primarily refers to Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (1808-1873), who became Emperor Napoleon III of France. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and ruled France as President (1848-1852) and then Emperor (1852-1870) during the Second French Empire. His reign saw significant advancements in infrastructure and industrialization, but ended with France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
  13. 32. a gentle slope leading from the base of mountains to a region of flat land.
  14. 34. Liverpool is a maritime city in northwest England, where the Riv er Mersey meets the Irish Sea. A key trade and migration port from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, it's also, famously, the hometown of The Beatles. Ferries cruise the waterfront, where the iconic mercantile buildings known as the "Three Graces" – Royal Liver Building, Cunard Building and Port of Liverpool Building – stand on the Pier Head.
  15. 36. the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.
  16. 37. a state interfering in the internal affairs of another state, often through military force, to achieve a specific political objective.
  17. 38. a loose association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
  18. 39. base a concept on a logical extension or modification of (another concept)
  19. 40. the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.
  20. 42. the capital city of the Czech Republic, located in Central Europe.
  21. 43. Hungary’s capital, is bisected by the River Danube. Its 19th-century Chain Bridge connects the hilly Buda district with flat Pest. A funicular runs up Castle Hill to Buda’s Old Town, where the Budapest History Museum traces city life from Roman times onward. Trinity Square is home to 13th-century Matthias Church and the turrets of the Fisherman's Bastion, which offer sweeping views.
Down
  1. 1. a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
  2. 3. Alsace is a historical region in northeastern France on the Rhine River plain. Bordering Germany and Switzerland, it has alternated between German and French control over the centuries and reflects a mix of those cultures. Its capital, Strasbourg, is centered on the Ill River’s Grand Île island, bordered by canals and home to the Gothic Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, with its animated astronomical clock.
  3. 4. a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.
  4. 6. the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
  5. 7. the German Emperor, the Emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire.
  6. 8. Watt James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who revolutionized industry with his improvements to the steam engine. While steam engines already existed, Watt's innovations made them more efficient and cheaper to run, playing a key role in the Industrial Revolution. Watt's contributions include: Separate condensing chamber** Addressed the Newcomen engine's wasteful use of steam. Horsepower** Coined the term to describe his engines' efficiency.
  7. 9. industry a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.
  8. 10. typically refers to the Congress of Vienna, a series of meetings held in Vienna, Austria from November 1814 to June 1815
  9. 12. a government, especially an authoritarian one.
  10. 14. refers to the right of all adult males to vote, regardless of property ownership, wealth, or social status.
  11. 15. the fundamental rules and principles that govern a political entity, like a country or state.
  12. 16. a political entity encompassing two or more distinct nations within its borders.
  13. 17. that which goes beyond moderation or even to excess in opinion, belief, action, etc.
  14. 20. commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation.
  15. 22. free from government restraint
  16. 23. withdraw formally from membership of a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization.
  17. 25. the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.
  18. 28. Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the world's first commercially successful steamboat, the North River Steamboat
  19. 31. von Bismarck Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg was a German statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first Chancellor from 1871 to 1890. Bismarck's Realpolitik and firm governance resulted in him being popularly known as the Iron Chancellor.
  20. 33. a document or set of amendments that formally outlines and protects the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens against governmental overreach.
  21. 35. of, based on, or serving as a hypothesis.
  22. 41. Lorraine, now part of Grand Est, is a former region in northeast France bordering Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. Much of it is rural, with the Vosges mountains and Verdun forest offering hiking and skiing. Metz has the Gothic cathedral of St.-Étienne and contemporary art at the Centre Pompidou-Metz. Former seat of the Dukes of Lorraine, Nancy is known for the grand Place Stanislas square and art nouveau buildings.