Biological Bases of Behavior

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Across
  1. 1. A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure.
  2. 6. the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
  3. 8. chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
  4. 9. neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
  5. 10. a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
  6. 12. a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.
  7. 16. the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
  8. 18. the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
  9. 20. the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
  10. 21. the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
  11. 24. a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
  12. 28. psychology the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.
  13. 30. a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.
  14. 31. a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response.
  15. 33. "morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
  16. 34. the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
  17. 35. a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
  18. 36. a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response.
Down
  1. 2. a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
  2. 3. neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
  3. 4. tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
  4. 5. a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.
  5. 7. a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
  6. 11. An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
  7. 13. the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
  8. 14. the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
  9. 15. a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
  10. 17. a series of x-ray images are taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure. Also called a CAT scan.
  11. 19. the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
  12. 22. the brain and spinal cord.
  13. 23. neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
  14. 25. The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
  15. 26. A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
  16. 27. chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
  17. 29. a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
  18. 30. the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
  19. 32. bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.