Module 2: Thermodynamics Crossword

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Across
  1. 3. The exothermic reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce heat, carbon dioxide, and water.
  2. 5. The relationship between Gibbs free energy and equilibrium is a fundamental concept in __________.
  3. 6. A gas spontaneously __________ to fill a volume, demonstrating increased entropy.
  4. 7. A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It's denoted by S, indicating the number of ways a system can be arranged.
  5. 9. An __________ process cannot return to its initial state without a net energy input.
  6. 10. Describes reactions that release heat to the surroundings.
  7. 11. __________'s Law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step of the reaction.
  8. 14. Indicates a favorable Gibbs free energy change.
  9. 16. In thermodynamic calculations, these are the starting substances in a chemical reaction, whose enthalpies are subtracted from those of the products.
  10. 19. __________ free energy determines reaction spontaneity and is denoted as G.
  11. 20. A method used to measure the heat absorbed or released in a chemical reaction, physical change, or heat capacity.
  12. 22. In thermodynamics, a __________ is the part of the universe being studied, separated by boundaries from the surroundings.
  13. 23. In Hess's Law, the enthalpy change is calculated as the sum of enthalpies of the __________ minus the sum of enthalpies of the reactants.
  14. 26. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system.
  15. 27. A property indicating whether a process will occur without external energy input, often determined by a negative Gibbs Free Energy.
  16. 28. The entropy change when a solid melts to a liquid is known as the entropy of __________.
Down
  1. 1. The system's __________ exchange heat and matter with the system during thermodynamic processes.
  2. 2. The change in enthalpy when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states.
  3. 4. The force exerted by a substance per unit area on another substance or on the walls of its container.
  4. 7. An __________ reaction absorbs heat, leading to a positive ΔH.
  5. 8. The law of thermodynamics that states entropy of an isolated system increases in a spontaneous process is the __________ Law of Thermodynamics.
  6. 9. For a spontaneous change, the entropy of an __________ system increases.
  7. 12. A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It's represented by H and is used to measure the heat change in chemical reactions at constant pressure.
  8. 13. Internal energy from combustion can be released as heat or used to do __________, such as in internal combustion engines.
  9. 15. In an __________ process, there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.
  10. 17. Often used to describe the degree of randomness or dispersion of energy in a system.
  11. 18. The energy transferred between systems or surroundings due to a temperature difference.
  12. 21. The entropy change for a process is calculated using the __________ path of heat transfer.
  13. 24. A high-temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, typically oxygen, resulting in the formation of oxidized products and the release of heat.
  14. 25. ____________ occurs from a hot object to a cold object spontaneously.