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1. Deviation A measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of values around the mean in a dataset.
6. A research method that involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable while controlling extraneous variables.
8. A definition that explains the meaning of a concept in theoretical terms, without specifying how to measure it.
9. A measure of whether research results are likely due to chance or represent a real effect, often indicated by a p-value.
10. A variable that is not intentionally studied but may influence the results of an experiment.
14. A logical process in which general principles are developed from specific observations.
16. The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times.
18. Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge and understanding of phenomena without immediate practical application.
19. A research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.

2. Study A study that aims to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon without investigating cause-and-effect relationships.
3. A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables in a study.
4. A brief summary of a research paper, article, or study that highlights its main points, methods, results, and conclusions.
5. A definition that specifies how a concept will be measured or manipulated in a study.
7. Another term for a conceptual definition, describing a concept using other concepts rather than direct measurement.
11. The degree to which a study can establish a causal relationship between variables, free from confounding factors.
12. Research conducted to solve practical problems or improve real-world conditions.
13. Abstract ideas or general notions that represent something in the real world. They are the building blocks of theories and research.
15. A set of related concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain or predict phenomena by specifying relationships among variables.
17. The extent to which a study or measurement accurately measures what it intends to measure.