The Enlightenment

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Across
  1. 2. A religious movement inspired by Martin Luther that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and ultimately lead to a split between Catholics and Protestants
  2. 4. Born with rights that include life, liberty, and property; according to Locke, they are to be protected by the government
  3. 6. Enlightenment thinker who argued that education should be available to all people and encouraged women to pursue male dominated professions (law, medicine, etc.)
  4. 8. A secular artistic style featuring landscapes, exhibiting the nobility at leisure; light, superficial, and highly criticized by philosophes
  5. 10. French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers as well as for checks and balances between the branches of government
  6. 11. Italian astronomer who constructed a telescope to study the stars; supported the heliocentric theory based on his observations, but later recanted under threat of torture by the church
  7. 16. English political philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property; emphasized that the purpose of government is to protect natural rights
  8. 17. Disciplined approach to discovery; involves identifying a problem or question through observation, forming and testing a hypothesis, and stating conclusions based on observations or data
  9. 18. A means of disguising ideas in works of fiction
  10. 19. Smith Scottish economist who emphasized the laissez-faire principle of little to no government interference with business and commerce
  11. 20. French economic thinkers who emphasized who opposed mercantilism and embraced laissez-faire
  12. 25. Empress of Russia and Enlightened despot who supported religious tolerance and opposed torture; crushed a peasant revolt and strengthened serfdom
  13. 28. An intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason and the power of individuals to solve problems
  14. 29. English mathematician and scientist who discovered the law of universal gravitation
  15. 30. An agreement between the people and their government signifying the peoples' willingness to be governed in exchange for their needs being met by the government; can be broken if the contract is violated
  16. 31. English politician and writer who urged scientists to rely on data from experimentation and to reject unsupported ideas
  17. 33. French mathematician who called for everything should be doubted and proved by reason
  18. 34. French philosopher who encouraged freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and the right to practice one's faith free of persecution; exiled for a time as a result of his ideas
  19. 36. Rules discoverable by reason, governed by forces such as gravity and magnetism.
  20. 37. English political philosopher who emphasized that people were naturally selfish and wicked; an all powerful monarch must keep order
  21. 38. Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideals and who supported various reforms, though without any intention of giving up personal power
Down
  1. 1. A system by which each branch of government limits power of other branches; prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power
  2. 3. Hapsburg Emperor of Austria and Enlightened despot who traveled in disguise among his population to better relate to their problems; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor; his reforms were opposed by nobles and cancelled following his death
  3. 5. Long held belief that the Earth was the center of the Universe; the idea that the sun, moon, and the planets all moved in circular paths around the Earth
  4. 7. Restriction on access to ideas and information
  5. 9. Idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun; proposed by Copernicus and supported by Galileo
  6. 12. Leading philosophe who published the Encyclopedia, a compilation of essays and articles from many leading scholars; though censored, the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people throughout Europe.
  7. 13. Idea that government not interfere with business
  8. 14. An artistic style celebrating ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome; emphasized civic duty and love of country; inspiration behind the Capitol and Jefferson Memorial
  9. 15. Enlightenment thinker who emphasized the equality of all persons, direct democracy, and more freedom
  10. 21. The division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government
  11. 22. A large published collection of Enlightenment ideas; helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe; rejected by the French government and the Catholic church
  12. 23. Ruler of Prussia and Enlightened despot who believed a ruler should act like a father to his people and a "servant of the state;" promoted religious freedom, reduced censorship, abolished torture; opposed serfdom but tolerated it for fear of upsetting the nobility
  13. 24. An economic system in which production, price, and wage decisions are determined naturally through the free interaction between producers and consumers
  14. 26. An economic policy emphasizing self-sufficiency of nations through government measures
  15. 27. A group of "radical" French thinkers who emphasized applying human reason to address problems in all aspects of life
  16. 32. An artistic style characterized by extravagant, ornate, or over-the-top design; utilized dark shadows, robust individuals, and movement; emphasized Catholicism and monarchy
  17. 35. Informal social gathering featuring writers, artists, scientists, philosophes, and others; helped spread Enlightenment ideas