Photosynthesis Crossword

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Across
  1. 2. The process where electrons move through a chain, powering ATP production using oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
  2. 5. Reactions that absorb energy and require energy input to proceed (positive ΔG).
  3. 6. An enzyme in the Calvin cycle that fixes carbon dioxide by attaching it to RuBP; most abundant enzyme on Earth.
  4. 8. The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contains thylakoids and stroma.
  5. 9. Metabolic pathways that build large molecules from small ones and require energy.
  6. 10. When the end product of a metabolic pathway blocks an earlier step, preventing overproduction.
  7. 11. The first step of cellular respiration that breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules and produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  8. 13. A process that allows ATP production without oxygen by regenerating NAD⁺; produces products like lactic acid or alcohol.
  9. 14. Respiration that requires oxygen; includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce large amounts of ATP.
  10. 17. Reactions that release energy (negative ΔG) and can occur spontaneously.
  11. 21. A protein that uses the flow of hydrogen ions to add a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP (chemiosmosis).
  12. 23. A 3-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin cycle; can be used to build glucose and other organic molecules.
  13. 24. A process that converts energy in glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  14. 26. A 3-carbon molecule produced at the end of glycolysis; used in fermentation or aerobic respiration.
  15. 27. A molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing its shape so the substrate no longer fits.
Down
  1. 1. The study of energy transfer; includes the first law (energy can't be created/destroyed) and second law (energy transfer loses heat).
  2. 3. A stage of cellular respiration that breaks down Acetyl CoA into CO₂ and generates NADH, FADH₂, and a small amount of ATP.
  3. 4. A group of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane that capture light energy and initiate electron transport.
  4. 7. Metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
  5. 12. Respiration that does not use oxygen but instead uses other molecules as the final electron acceptor.
  6. 15. An electron carrier molecule produced in the light-dependent reactions and used in the Calvin cycle to help build sugars.
  7. 16. A 2-carbon molecule formed from pyruvate; enters the citric acid cycle for further breakdown.
  8. 18. A 5-carbon molecule that reacts with CO₂ in the Calvin cycle; must be regenerated for the cycle to continue.
  9. 19. A membrane-bound structure inside chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions take place; contains chlorophyll.
  10. 20. A molecule binds to an enzyme and changes its shape so the substrate fits better, increasing enzyme activity.
  11. 22. The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, especially in the blue and red wavelengths.
  12. 25. Small openings on the underside of leaves that allow gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out); can close to conserve water.