Unit 1 Vocabulary - Connecting to the English Civil War

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Across
  1. 2. Step-by-step process for discovering scientific facts through observation and experiment.
  2. 6. King of France (1643–1715), known as the “Sun King,” who built Versailles and ruled as an absolute monarch.
  3. 7. A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years’ War, recognized state sovereignty, and altered the political map of Europe.
  4. 10. A political system in which a ruler holds total, centralized power over government and society.
  5. 11. Monarchs who came to power in England after the Glorious Revolution (1689) and accepted the English Bill of Rights.
  6. 12. Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War, mainly nobles and royalists.
  7. 15. Leader of the Roundheads and later Lord Protector of England (1653–1658) under a republican government.
  8. 17. The English Parliament that sat from 1640 to 1660, opposing King Charles I and leading to the English Civil War.
  9. 20. The same person known by two titles: Charles I as King of Spain (1516–1556) and Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor (1519–1556). He ruled vast territories in Europe and the Americas.
  10. 26. King of England (1603–1625), first Stuart monarch, who believed in divine right and often clashed with Parliament.
  11. 28. King of England (1625–1649) whose conflicts with Parliament led to civil war and his execution.
  12. 32. English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England from Catholic practices.
  13. 34. Sun-centered model of the universe.
  14. 36. A government whose power is defined and limited by a constitution.
  15. 37. A system in which a ruler’s power is limited by laws or a constitution, often shared with an elected body.
Down
  1. 1. King of Spain (1556–1598), son of Charles V, who promoted Catholicism, built the Spanish Armada, and oversaw Spain’s Golden Age.
  2. 3. Family of rulers.
  3. 4. A 1689 document that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals.
  4. 5. Renaissance belief that education and the arts should focus on human potential and achievements.
  5. 8. Christians in communion with the Pope in Rome; in England, they were often a religious minority facing restrictions.
  6. 9. Person sent to spread a religion.
  7. 12. Economic system where businesses are privately owned for profit.
  8. 13. Government by a small, powerful group, often from the elite or wealthy class.
  9. 14. Tsar of Russia (1682–1725) who modernized Russia through Westernization and expanded its territory.
  10. 16. A monarchy in which the ruler’s powers are restricted by law or a constitution.
  11. 18. The large Spanish fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 to invade England; it was defeated by the English navy and bad weather.
  12. 19. The process of adopting Western European technology, culture, and ideas, often to modernize a state.
  13. 21. Sail completely around the world.
  14. 22. The peaceful overthrow of King James II in 1688, replacing him with William and Mary without major bloodshed.
  15. 23. In the Catholic Church, a paid pardon for sins.
  16. 24. The belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God, making them answerable only to God.
  17. 25. A powerful royal family that controlled Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and other European lands for centuries.
  18. 27. A group of top government ministers who advise the ruler; in England, it evolved to lead policy-making.
  19. 29. Government run by religious leaders.
  20. 30. Having full, independent power.
  21. 31. Economic policy aimed at strengthening a nation by exporting more than importing.
  22. 33. Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell, many of them Puritans.
  23. 35. War between groups within the same country.