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Across
- 2. Which atom or molecule has a net negative charge because it has gained one or more electrons?
- 4. What is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus, which identifies the element?
- 5. What is the charge of a cation; an ion that has lost electrons?
- 7. What describes a molecule with an even sharing of electrons and no overall charge?
- 9. What is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract a shared pair of electrons in a bond?
- 10. What type of substance tastes sour, has a \text{pH} below 7, and donates hydrogen ions (\text{H}^+) in water?
- 12. What type of bond is formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions?
- 14. In a biological system, what specific function does an enzyme perform, and which part of the enzyme is responsible for this function?
- 15. What term describes the loss of electrons by a substance during a chemical reaction (often paired with "reduction"?
- 18. What is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction, often viewed as the energy barrier reactants must overcome?
- 20. What is the one- or two-letter abbreviation used to represent an element?
- 21. What defines a system that is in dynamic equilibrium, and what must be true about the forward and reverse reaction rates?
- 23. State the Second Law of Thermodynamics and explain its relationship to entropy in the universe.
- 27. Which subatomic particle has a positive charge and determines the element's atomic number?
- 28. What are the characteristic products of an acid-base neutralization reaction?
- 29. What type of energy is associated with motion?
- 30. Give a common example of a substance that undergoes sublimation at standard atmospheric pressure, and explain the phase change.
Down
- 1. What is the approximate mass of an atom, equal to the sum of protons and neutrons?
- 3. Why does condensation occur when moist air is cooled below its dew point?
- 6. Which thermodynamic property, symbolized as \Delta H, represents the heat energy absorbed or released by a system at constant pressure?
- 8. How does the introduction of a catalyst affect the reaction coordinate diagram and the overall rate of a chemical reaction?
- 11. How does the process of deposition differ from condensation in terms of the initial and final states of matter?
- 13. Which atom or molecule has a net positive charge because it has lost one or more electrons?
- 16. Write a balanced general chemical equation for a complete combustion reaction involving a hydrocarbon.
- 17. What type of substance tastes bitter, feels slippery, has a \text{pH} above 7, and accepts hydrogen ions (\text{H}^+) or donates \text{OH}^- ions?
- 19. Which subatomic particle orbits the nucleus, has a negative charge, and is responsible for all chemical bonding?
- 22. What is the charge of an anion; an ion that has gained electrons?
- 24. What describes a molecule with an uneven sharing of electrons, creating a dipole?
- 25. Which neutral subatomic particle, when added or removed, creates an isotope of an element?
- 26. What is the result of a precipitation reaction, and how can one predict whether a precipitate will form when two solutions are mixed?