Networking & The Web

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Across
  1. 3. In the early 1970s, this form of digital communication exploded in popularity on ARPAnet after Ray Tomlinson chose the “@” symbol for addressing.
  2. 6. Company whose Navigator browser became a major Web browser in the mid-1990s and battled Microsoft’s Internet Explorer in “Browser War II.”
  3. 9. Tim Berners-Lee’s 1980 networked hypertext system at CERN that helped inspire his later invention of the World Wide Web.
  4. 10. Vannevar Bush’s 1945 concept for a desk-sized machine that let people store information on microfilm and follow “trails” of linked documents — an early inspiration for hypertext and the Web.
  5. 13. Device first developed in 1949 to let digital signals travel over ordinary voice phone lines by converting data into sounds and back again.
  6. 14. Tim Berners-Lee’s original name for the system he built at CERN around 1990, including the first browser/editor, URLs, HTML, and a Web server.
Down
  1. 1. Late-1980s Apple software that let users click “stacks” of linked cards, bringing hypertext back into popularity and foreshadowing how we click around the Web.
  2. 2. U.S. National Science Foundation network that adopted TCP/IP and linked supercomputer centers and regional networks in the 1980s, helping the Internet become the dominant global standard.
  3. 4. The late-1960s U.S. research network that first connected different kinds of computers together and became the ancestor of today’s Internet.
  4. 5. Menu-based Internet system that organized information in folders rather than clickable Web pages; it grew quickly in the early 1990s but lost ground when the Web became free and open.
  5. 7. This early international text-messaging network used teleprinters over phone lines and became a worldwide way to send typed messages long before email.
  6. 8. French online service launched in 1981 that gave millions of households free dedicated terminals and access to news, train schedules, chat, and more — often called the first mass “Web.”
  7. 11. Local network technology created at Xerox PARC in the 1970s to connect office computers, printers, and servers — still a common way to wire offices today.
  8. 12. Graphical browser developed at NCSA in 1993 that helped popularize the Web by letting ordinary users view pages with images and text together.
  9. 14. Short-range radio networking technology, branded in 1999 and popularized by Apple’s AirPort and others, that made wireless home and café Internet common.