T3 Processes

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Across
  1. 1. Sideways cutting erosion that widens a river valley and channel, dominant in the middle and lower courses.
  2. 4. The chemical dissolving of soluble minerals within rocks (like calcium carbonate in limestone) by slightly acidic water.
  3. 13. The mechanical scraping or grinding of a rock surface (cliff face or riverbed) as breaking waves or fast-moving currents hurl rocks and sand against it.
  4. 14. Sustainable, low-impact management practices that work with natural processes to mitigate erosion and flooding.
  5. 16. The extremely slow horizontal movement of water deep within the saturated zones of permeable bedrock.
  6. 18. The process where leaves, branches, and forest vegetation catch falling rain before it can hit the ground surface.
  7. 20. The volume of water flowing through a river channel at any given point, measured dynamically in cubic meters per second (cumecs).
  8. 21. The section of a storm hydrograph indicating the rapid escalation of a river's discharge as water enters the channel.
  9. 22. A transport process where small pebbles and coarse sand grains are bounced along a riverbed or seabed by turbulent water currents.
  10. 24. The deep, downward movement of water filtering past the soil layer into the cracks, joints, and pores of underlying bedrock.
  11. 25. The installation of disruptive, high-cost man-made concrete and steel defense structures to block or absorb natural marine or river energy.
Down
  1. 2. The shape, elevation, and steepness of the land surface, varying from flat lowlands to rugged mountainous terrain.
  2. 3. The absolute maximum volume of water flow reached by a river channel following a heavy rainstorm event.
  3. 5. The visible physical features characterising an area of land, comprised of physical landforms, human interventions, and changeable conditions.
  4. 6. A transport method where light, fine sediment particles (like silt and clay) are held up and carried within the main body of the water flow.
  5. 7. The slow, lateral movement of water flowing sideways through the soil layer toward a river channel.
  6. 8. Coastal or river erosion caused when fast-moving water forces air into cracks along a rock face, compressing it until the trapping pressure shatters the rock.
  7. 9. The dropping of accumulated sediment load by a river or sea when its velocity drops, reducing its available energy to transport material.
  8. 10. The delay or time gap between the peak of a heavy rainfall event and the peak discharge recorded in the nearby river channel.
  9. 11. Downward cutting erosion that deepens a river channel, dominant in the steep, upper course of a river valley.
  10. 12. Water that sheets across the surface of the ground when soil is fully saturated or impermeable, flowing directly into streams.
  11. 14. The transport of minerals dissolved invisibly in the water after chemical weathering processes occur within the channel.
  12. 15. The structural rock makeup of a landscape, divided into resistant hard rocks (granite, limestone) and weaker soft rocks (clays, sands).
  13. 17. The down-soaking process where surface water moves vertically into the upper layers of topsoil.
  14. 19. A transport method where large boulders and heavy rocks are rolled slowly along a riverbed or seabed by the sheer force of the current.
  15. 23. The erosion process where rock fragments carried by waves or river currents constantly collide into one another, breaking down into smaller, smoother, and rounder pieces.