Natural Hazards

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Across
  1. 1. Steep-sided volcanoes formed along destructive boundaries by violent eruptions of volatile magma.
  2. 5. Immediate effects occurring during the ground-shaking event, such as structural collapse, casualties, and ground cracking.
  3. 6. The slowest, most destructive surface waves that travel along the outermost crust and carry the largest ground movements.
  4. 8. A sudden disturbance within the Earth's crust that releases energy and generates seismic vibrations propagating outward from a central source.
  5. 11. A gravitational force at mid-ocean ridges where buoyant, newly formed crust cools, becomes denser, and slides downward away from the ridge crest.
  6. 14. The thickest layer of the Earth, composed of semi-molten viscous rock known as magma that moves slowly due to core heat.
  7. 15. A boundary where an oceanic plate and a continental plate move directly toward each other.
  8. 16. Ranging devices that track microscopic horizontal shifts in the earth by timing a laser reflection across a fault line.
  9. 19. Smaller seismic events that follow a main earthquake.
  10. 20. A boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally, jamming together and building massive structural stress without creating or destroying crust.
  11. 23. Proactive steps taken to reduce the effects and damage of a natural hazard rather than trying to stop the event itself.
  12. 24. A numerical scale from 1 to 10 used to measure the magnitude or energy released during a seismic event.
  13. 25. The thinnest, outermost solid rock layer of the Earth, which is fractured into major tectonic plates.
  14. 27. The solid, central core of the Earth composed of solid nickel and iron under immense pressure and extreme temperatures.
  15. 30. The process where a denser oceanic plate is forced to slide beneath a less dense continental plate and sink deep into the mantle.
  16. 31. A type of crust that is thinner, denser, and carries the ocean floors.
  17. 33. The strength or total amount of energy released by an earthquake.
  18. 34. A type of crust that is thicker, less dense, and forms the landmasses.
  19. 35. An instrument used to pick up, track, and translate ground vibrations into a written chart.
  20. 37. The fastest, compressional seismic waves that arrive first and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
Down
  1. 2. A gravitational mechanism where the heavy, leading edge of a dense tectonic plate sinks into the mantle at a subduction zone, dragging the rest of the plate behind it.
  2. 3. The scientific theory proposed by Alfred Wegener stating that Earth's continents have moved over geological time relative to each other.
  3. 4. The point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus, typically experiencing the most intense shaking.
  4. 7. Massive sea waves triggered by underwater tectonic displacement.
  5. 9. Using specialised tracking equipment to identify high-risk areas before a tectonic event occurs.
  6. 10. A high-temperature liquid layer composed primarily of melted nickel and iron.
  7. 12. A circular flow in the mantle where core-heated magma expands, rises, cools near the crust, grows denser, and sinks, creating a lateral dragging force.
  8. 13. Slower seismic waves that arrive second, shake the ground side-to-side at a right angle, and can only travel through solids.
  9. 17. A hazardous phenomenon where violent shaking of loose, water-saturated soils forces water to the surface, instantly turning solid ground into weak, liquid mud.
  10. 18. A boundary where two tectonic plates are pulled apart or move away from each other, creating a gap or rift.
  11. 21. Wide, flat-shaped volcanoes formed by gentle, continuous volcanic activity from rising magma at constructive boundaries.
  12. 22. Massive mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, formed by the severe compression of rock at collision zones.
  13. 26. A boundary where two continental plates of similar density smash into each other, crumpling and forcing rock upwards without subduction.
  14. 28. Tools that use a high-tension wire stretched directly across a fault line to warn scientists of soil and fault movement.
  15. 29. Consequences that occur after and as a direct result of primary impacts, including tsunamis, fires, and disease outbreaks.
  16. 32. The exact underground point where rock fractures and slips, marking the physical origin of an earthquake.
  17. 36. The gas that spikes in amount due to the ground fracturing showing an earthquake will take place