2.2 Organization & Management

3. Formal line of authority in an organisation that specifies who gives orders to whom and how decisions and information flow.
5. Manager takes all decisions in the business and expects to have their orders followed.
7. Visual diagram that shows an organisation’s structure, displaying roles, departments, and reporting lines so you can see who reports to whom.
11. Work arrangements allowing employees to vary when, where, or how long they work (e.g., flexitime, compressed hours, job sharing).
12. Senior leaders responsible for strategic direction, major decisions, and oversight of broad areas or divisions within the organisation.

1. Number of subordinates a manager directly oversees; a wide span means many direct reports, a narrow span means few.
2. Involves employees in the decision-making process but the final decision is left to the leader.
4. Organisational model arranged in levels where authority/responsibility flow downward from senior management to junior staff; typically pyramid-shaped with clear supervisors/subordinates.
6. When employee loses their job because the business closes down or the work done by the employee is no longer needed.
7. Overall arrangement of roles, responsibilities, communication and authority in an organisation (e.g., hierarchical, flat, matrix), which shapes decision‑making and workflow.
8. Group of employees who have joined together to ensure their interests are protected.
9. When a trade union tells its members not to work in order to put pressure on employers to meet trade union demands.
10. Permanently reducing the number of people it employs.