3000 module 3

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Across
  1. 2. Recognition, definition, and response to stimuli (eg, pain) which is influenced by psychological state, past experiences, culture/spirituality, cognitive factors, and others.
  2. 9. Mu, kappa, beta, and sigma are 4 known types of ____ receptors.
  3. 10. ____ anesthetics block pain transudction and transmission by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation and propagation of action potentials.
  4. 11. NSAIDs block pain _____ by reducing prostaglandins, which sensitize pain sensory neurons.
  5. 12. This common adverse effect of opioids is typically seen prior to respiratory depression.
  6. 13. Reductions of heartrate, blood pressure, and respiratory; improved mood; increased mobilization; and appropriate PCA use are indications that pain may be _____
  7. 14. Increased pain in response to noxious stimuli; may result from peripheral sensitization.
  8. 15. Pain resulting from non-painful stimuli; may result from peripheral sensitization.
  9. 16. General anesthetics act on pain _____.
  10. 18. Presence of family/friends, confusion or cognitive impairments, language & cultural barriers, communication or sensory barriers, fear/trauma/misconceptions related to pain management, are examples of ____ factors that act as barriers to pain management.
  11. 19. Region in the spinal cord where nociceptors synapse with second order neurons; where pain signals are transmitted and modulated.
  12. 21. ____ sensitization occurs due to the release of substance P and other mediators to lower the threshold for nociceptor activation, increasing sensitivity.
  13. 22. The release of substance P and this neurotransmitter from nociceptors stimulates the second order neuron to transmit a pain signal to the brain.
  14. 23. The most reliable way to produce a therapeutic response in the administration of opioids is through the _____ route.
  15. 24. Opioids ____ the pain control gate by hyperpolarizing second order neurons, inhibiting the release of glutamate and substance P from first order neurons, inhibiting presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels (1st order neurons), and opening postsynaptic (2nd order) K+ channels (hyperpolarization).
  16. 25. Opioid agonist which rapidly reverses CNS and respiratory depression related to opioid use; in low doses used to manage opioid-induced pruritis.
Down
  1. 1. ____ pain is an exacerbation that is relieved with PRN analgesics.
  2. 3. Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins are examples of ____ opioids.
  3. 4. Sedation, cold/clammy skin, discoloured lips/nails, chocking/coughing/gurgling/snoring sounds, extreme pupil contraction, dizziness/disorientation, slow/apneaic/absent breathing, are all signs of opioid ____.
  4. 5. Neurotransmitter released from descending neurons from the brainstem at the level of the dorsal horn, stimulating inhibitory interneurons to release endogenous opioids.
  5. 6. Neurotransmitter released from inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn to hyperpolarize second order neurons, reducing their sensitivity to noxious stimuli.
  6. 7. ____ pain may be somatic or visceral pain that is localized to an area of injury; normal physiological response to a painful stimulus or injury.
  7. 8. Early signs & symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, lacrimation, rhinitis, excess sweating, insomnia, frequent yawning, muscle aches, bone pain; later signs & symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramping, goose bumps, nausea & vomiting, dilated pupils, blurry vision, tachycardia, and hypertension.
  8. 16. ____ pain is acute, nociceptive pain resulting from tissue injury and inflammation from a surgical procedure.
  9. 17. ____ pain outlasts its protective purpose and shows no significant signs of sympathetic activation.
  10. 20. Drugs that react with opioid receptors to cause analgesia, sedation, or euphoria.