3b. Ancient Egypt

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Across
  1. 2. simplified, cursive writing script used in ancient Egypt, primarily by priests for religious and funerary literature / evolved alongside hieroglyphics
  2. 6. (1303-1213 BC) his celebrated building accomplishments include the marvels at Karnak and Abu Simbel / fought the Hittites for control of Syria and claimed a great victory at the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC / signed one of the first known peace treaties with the Hittites
  3. 10. wise ruler who may have taught humans agriculture and civilization / a deity who at one time may have been a local ruler in the Nile River's delta / originally associated with the city of Busiris in the Delta and is an example of a regional god who gained countrywide acceptance / lord of the underworld / represented as a mummified king
  4. 11. (r. approx. 3100 BC) aka Menes / unified Upper and Lower Egypt - founding the First Dynasty / helped define the role of the pharaoh as both a political and a divine ruler
  5. 12. (c. 2686-2181 BC) ‘Age of the Pyramids / strong centralized government under the pharaohs - absolute monarchs who were worshipped as living gods
  6. 14. group of foreign rulers, likely from the Levant, who conquered and ruled Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period - this occupation contributed to the rise of the Egyptian Empire, during the New Kingdom / introduced military technologies, including horse-drawn chariots, composite bows, and bronze weapons, to Egypt
  7. 16. one of the six major, rocky whitewater rapids that break the flow of the Nile River / the first marks the separation of Egypt and Nubia
  8. 17. rulers of ancient Egypt / both heads of state and the religious leaders of their people
  9. 19. (c. 1550-1069 BC) imperial Egypt - pharaohs drove out the Hyksos and conquered territory in Nubia to the south and in the Levant and Syria to the northeast / major temple-building at Karnak and Abu Simbel
  10. 22. (1481-1425 BC) New Kingdom pharaoh who historians would later called him the ‘Napoleon of Egypt’ / led numerous military campaigns into Syria-Palestine and Nubia - expanding the Egyptian Empire farther than any previous pharaoh
  11. 26. archaeological find that shows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt / shows early kingship and the use of art as political propaganda / often linked to the Early Dynastic Period
  12. 27. northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea / began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BC
  13. 29. (c. 1650-1550 BC) Hyksos (an Egyptian phrase meaning ‘rulers of foreign lands’), who were primarily from the Levant, controlled much of northern Egypt / the Hyksos introduced new military technologies, including chariots, composite bows, and improved bronze weapons
  14. 30. (1341-1323 BC) ‘King Tut’ / pharaoh who reversed his father Akhenatan’s policy that saw Egypt switch from its polytheistic religion to a monotheistic one / the discovery of his tomb sparked worldwide fascination with Egypt - his cause of death remains unknown
  15. 31. (1507-1458 BC) regent to her stepson Thutmose III / referred to herself as the ‘Lady of the Two Lands’ / when Thutmose III neared maturity, she declared herself pharaoh in a daring power play / sent a trading expedition to the fabled land of Punt, along the southern shore of the Red Sea
Down
  1. 1. longest river in the world / originates at Lake Victoria and empties into the Mediterranean Sea / flows north
  2. 3. (1570-1546 BC) Late Bronze Age pharaoh who expelled the Hyksos from the delta / used the technology they introduced to Egypt - horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons - against them / reasserted control over Nubia and plundered their gold reserves in the process
  3. 4. region along the Nile south of the First Cataract / home to several empires, most prominently the Kingdom of Kush, which conquered Egypt in the 8th century BC
  4. 5. pictorial writing system that the people of Egypt used to write down their language and record aspects of their culture / the information from the writing tells us something about how the Egyptians governed their land and people, about their beliefs
  5. 7. city near the apex of the Nile Delta - important center of trade / capital of the Old Kingdom / located near major pyramid complexes / main cult center of the god Ptah
  6. 8. Bronze Age kingdom that encompassed most of Anatolia and, during its peak, parts of northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia / major rival of New Kingdom Egypt / spoke Hittite, one of the oldest Indo-European languages ever discovered, and used cuneiform
  7. 9. (c. 2181-2055 BC) political fragmentation into competing regional kingdoms after the collapse of the Old Kingdom / most important rivalry was btw. Thebes in Upper Egypt and Herakleopolis in Lower Egypt
  8. 13. the Nile ________ is the vast marshland in Lower Egypt where the Nile spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea / important center for trade
  9. 15. from himself, he created the first gods / sun-god / represented by the sun-disk or a scarab / in the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh was considered the son of the sun-god
  10. 18. hundreds of clay tablets written in Akkadian that show the major powers of the ancient world / they also showed Egyptian control over Canaan - showing Egypt’s imperial influence over parts of the Near East
  11. 20. ancient kingdom in Nubia (in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt) / developed many cultural affinities with Egypt, which it conquered and ruled over from 760-656 BC
  12. 21. (c. 2055-1650 BC) reunification under rules from Thebes, who reduced the power of local governors or nomarchs / expansion into Nubia / construction of defensive fortifications in the Nile Delta
  13. 23. constructed as burial places for Egyptian royalty during the Old Kingdom
  14. 24. patron deity of Lower Egypt / falcon-headed son of Isis and Osiris / served many functions, most notably as the god of kingship, healing, protection, the sun, and the sky / had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt
  15. 25. southern portion of Egypt / consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser / lifeblood of Ancient Egypt, as its yearly inundation (flooding) allowed for agriculture in an otherwise arid desert
  16. 28. created when two major gods merged - Amun “The Hidden One,” originally a local god of Thebes, and Ra, the sun-god and creator deity / many Egyptians believed all other gods derived their power from him