3c. Ancient India

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Across
  1. 2. “Now as a man is like this or like that, according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be: a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad. He becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds.”
  2. 4. this river, along with the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers, forms a vast floodplain - the Indo-Gangetic Plain - in northern India / this area is well suited to agriculture with its fertile soil, favorable climate, and abundant water supply
  3. 5. historic region in northwestern India and Pakistan that experienced a centuries-long, gradual migration and cultural assimilation of the Indo-Aryans starting around 2000 BC
  4. 9. language family with 12 branches that include most of the languages of Europe, Persian, Sanskrit, and a number of extinct languages / all of these languages are descended from a single prehistoric language spoken during the Neolithic or early Bronze Age
  5. 14. held that upon death individual souls go temporarily to the World of the Fathers and then return to earth in a new incarnation / often visualized as a “wheel of life”
  6. 15. highest mountain range in the world / forms a natural barrier between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau in southwestern China
Down
  1. 1. (c. 3300-1300 BC) also known as the Indus Valley Civilization / an urban culture with huge mudbrick cities that emerged in what is now Pakistan, northern India, and Afghanistan / its cities exported precious stones, tropical woods, and metals westward that sailed up the Persian Gulf through a chain of coastal kingdoms from Oman to Kuwait
  2. 3. city along the Indus River that had a population of 40,000 people by approx. 2500 BCE / was the most advanced city in the world in terms of urban planning and especially sanitation - displayed a well-planned grid-like layout with straight, wide streets crossing each other at right angles
  3. 6. a Sanskrit word meaning "color" used to refer to the major social classes / terminology suggests that social distinctions arose partly from differences in complexion between the Aryans, who referred to themselves as "wheat-colored" and the darker-skinned Dravidians
  4. 7. river that originates in the Himalayas, cuts through modern Pakistan, and then empties into the Arabian Sea / river valley where the first major urban civilization in the Indian subcontinent emerged
  5. 8. collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans / shed considerable light on early Aryan society in India
  6. 10. fifth most populous country / shared the most territory with the Indus Valley Civilization
  7. 11. in the Vedas, they are presented as invaders who conquered their way into the Punjab / their origins are unknown, with different experts pointing to either the Himalayas, Iran, or even Germany
  8. 12. refers to a social class of hereditary and usually unchangeable status / these identities developed slowly and gradually as Aryans established settlements throughout India
  9. 13. sacred language of the early Aryans - they did not use writing, but composed numerous poems and songs / also the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, the world's oldest religion