4000 PH module 2.5

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Across
  1. 2. Before vaccines can be approved in Canada, they must undergo lab testing, animal testing, and three stages of _____ trials.
  2. 6. Vaccine ____ ____ is ongoing surveillance to detect possible adverse events that may occur at higher levels of frequency than expected based on clinical trials or historical experience, or those that occur too rarely to have been detected within a large clinical trial (2 words).
  3. 7. ____ allergic responses may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain or tightness, throat tightness, difficulty swallowing, hoarse voice, nasal congestion, itchy or watery eyes, etc.
  4. 13. This occurring after vaccination may be due to a result of pre-existing illness, illness contracted shortly after immunization before immunity can be established, or due to triggering of the immune response by the vaccine.
  5. 16. Basic reproductive rate; average number of transmissions expected from a single primary case introduced into a totally susceptible population; the higher, the more infectious (2 words).
  6. 20. ____ surveillance involves routine reporting of health data, including monitoring reportable diseases, disease registries, and hospital data.
  7. 22. Many falsely believe that vaccines cause this, despite no causal evidence.
  8. 24. ____ vaccines consist of proteins and capsule polysaccharide to enhance the efficacy of subunit vaccines.
  9. 25. Condition that may increase the risk of an adverse reaction following immunization or that may compromise the ability of a vaccine to produce immunity; typically results in deferring the vaccine.
  10. 31. Signs and symptoms may still occur during a secondary infection due to the short _____ period of certain diseases.
  11. 32. Intervention in this type of exaggerated immune response involves supporting ABCCs, the use of epinephrine and/or bronchodilators, intubation, ventilation support, circulatory volume expanders, and/or vasosuppressors.
  12. 33. Occurs when a test is positive but a person is not experiencing the health event (2 words).
  13. 38. _____ surveillance includes monitoring social media, news, and public opinion and perception of health and health care to monitor trends of trust in the health care system, health misinformation, and potential violence against health care workers.
  14. 40. The proportion of false negatives to true negatives. The higher this is, the more true negatives than false negatives (3 words).
  15. 45. Vaccine _____ is the ability of a vaccine to prevent illness in "real world" conditions, typically determined through observational studies.
  16. 47. Occurs when a test is negative and a person is not experiencing the health event (2 words).
  17. 48. Vaccine ____ is the ability of a vaccine to prevent illness in vaccinated people, in controlled studies (ideal conditions).
  18. 49. Type I hypersensitivity, also known as IgE-mediated or _____ sensitivity, produces an immediate response and principally effects mast cells, with no complement system participation.
  19. 50. _____ surveillance includes outbreak investigation, serosurveillance, health surveys, and other means to collect information.
  20. 51. In order to be qualified as _____, an event must be serious, require urgent medical attention, be unusual or unsuspected, or occur in a geographic or temporal cluster (acronym).
  21. 53. A severe systemic allergic response with rapid onset (5-20 minutes) affecting multiple systems; results from IgE stimulating mast cells.
  22. 54. The proportion of true positives to false positives in a test. The higher this is, the more true positives than false positives (3 words).
  23. 55. Booster shots of vaccines are used to strengthen immune responses against particular antigens, and produce more ____ _ ____ (3 words).
Down
  1. 1. Type III hypersensitivity, also known as ____ complex-mediated, produces an immediate response, involves IgG and IgM, mainly effects neutrophils, and involves complement participation; an example is lupus.
  2. 3. Corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents, NSAIDs, and immunomodulators are examples of _______.
  3. 4. If a person has a proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any vaccine component, assessment by an ___ is warranted.
  4. 5. This common allergy is typically not a contraindication to vaccination due to the trace amount in certain vaccines being too small to cause a reaction.
  5. 8. ____ allergic responses may include dizziness, lightheadedness, pallor or cyanosis, weak pulse, fainting, shock, or loss of consciousness.
  6. 9. _____ vaccines contain whole pathogens that have been killed or ____ with heat, chemicals, or radiation; these do not produce an active infection but the resulting immune response is weaker and less comprehensive than live vaccines.
  7. 10. Abnormal conditions with an exaggerated, inappropriate immune response to an antigen
  8. 11. _____ allergic responses may include hives, swelling, itching, warmth, and/or redness.
  9. 12. ____ allergic responses may include anxiety, a feeling of impending doom, or headache.
  10. 13. Occurs when a test is negative but a person is experiencing a health event (2 words).
  11. 14. Deliberate inoculation of individuals with infectious materials, typically producing an infection milder than naturally acquired; may still result in epidemic of the infectious disease.
  12. 15. The ability of a test to designate an individual with a disease as positive; the greater the ____, the fewer false positives and more true positives.
  13. 17. ____ vaccines incorporate genes for antigens, leading to uptake of recombinant plasmid by some cells, followed by transcription and translation of antigens and presentation with MHC I to activate adapted immunity; stimulates humoral and cellular immunity with no risk of producing an infection.
  14. 18. Class of vaccine which exposes individuals to a weakened strain of a pathogen, establishing a subclinical infection to activate cellular and humoral immunity and stimulate the development of memory (2 words).
  15. 19. Vaccine ____ is achieved only if there is sufficient evidence that it is safe, effective, of suitable quality, and its benefits greatly outweigh any associated risks.
  16. 21. This type of pharmacological therapy does not interfere with most non-live vaccines, except varicella-containing vaccines or LAIV.
  17. 23. _____ antibodies are synthetic antibodies given to patients as preventative drugs or treatments.
  18. 26. ____ ____ _____ recombination determines specific binding of lymphocytes to antigens; occurs due to random recombination of inherited segments of mature B and T cells, which do not respond until they interact with a corresponding antigen (3 words).
  19. 27. Type IV hypersensitivity, also known as ___ ____ or delayed hypersensitivity, has a delayed response with no antibody involvement, mainly effects lymphocytes and macrophages, and does not involve complement participation; an example is contact sensitivity to poison ivy (2 words).
  20. 28. The ability of a test to correctly identify people without a disease; the greater the ____ the fewer false negatives and more true negatives.
  21. 29. ____ vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins to create humoral immunity.
  22. 30. Recent administration of ____ ____ containing antibodies may interfere with the immune response to MMR, MMRV, and monovalent varicella vaccines (2 words).
  23. 34. Pediatric hospital-based national active surveillance network for adverse events in children following immunization and selected vaccine-preventable infectious diseases (acronym).
  24. 35. ____ vaccines utilize key antigens of a pathogen, rather than using whole cells or viruses.
  25. 36. Infants and young children have an immature immune system, and are particularly vulnerable to ____ infections.
  26. 37. Type II hypersensitivity, also known as tissue-specific or _____ sensitivity, produces an immediate response involving IgG and IgM, principally effects macrophages in tissues, and often involves complement participation; an example is Graves disease.
  27. 39. Use of this class of medication is not a contraindication for vaccination, but may require usage of a smaller gauge needle and providing firm pressure for longer than two minutes.
  28. 41. Specific antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses; these may be proteins or carbohydrates, are typically large with repeating epitopes, and foreign.
  29. 42. _____ allergic responses may include nausea, stomach pain or cramps, or vomiting.
  30. 43. Situation in which a drug should not be given due to the risk outweighing the benefit.
  31. 44. Occurs when a test is positive when a person is experiencing the health event (2 words).
  32. 46. Vaccine ____ reactions are not side effects and are likely to be coincidental due to causation not being established.
  33. 52. This approach utilizes presumptive statements, strong recommendations, and exploring reasons for hesitancy and concerns, to address vaccine hesitancy (2 words).