4.5 The Scientific Revolution

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  1. 7. force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth
  2. 8. (1473–1543) was a Polish astronomer who concluded that the sun is the center of the universe around which Earth and the other planets revolve. This contradicted the religious and scientific belief that Earth was the center of the universe. Although he did not suffer immediate challenges from the Church, his most important work did not appear in print until after his death.
  3. 9. (1627–1691) was one of the leading minds of the late 1600s. An English-Irish philosopher and writer, he focused on chemistry, physics, and natural history. His work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle’s Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and the volume of gas. He was one of the founders of the Royal Society of London.
  4. 11. careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis
  5. 12. a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton
  6. 13. (1596–1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. He was one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle’s teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy.
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  1. 1. (1571–1630) was a German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus’s heliocentric universe. Kepler’s research showed that the planets move in a particular orbit around the sun. His achievements included a correct description of how vision occurs, as well as how a telescope uses light.
  2. 2. (1561–1626) was a distinguished English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer. A man of many talents, he promoted rational thought. He was held in high regard by philosophers and scientists in Europe as well as England.
  3. 3. based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
  4. 4. (1546–1601) was a Danish astronomer who produced the most accurate measurements and locations of the stars before the use of the telescope. His observation that a new star had appeared in an existing constellation challenged the belief that the stars were fixed and forever unchanging.
  5. 5. (1564–1642) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician whose discoveries using a telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories of Copernicus. His discoveries challenged established scientific and religious thinking. He was an important contributor to the development of the scientific method used by modern scientists.
  6. 6. (1642–1727) was one of the most important figures of the Scientific Revolution. An English mathematician and physicist, His three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity. His 1687 book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, is considered one of the most important works in the history of modern science.
  7. 10. an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation.