4e. Classical India

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Across
  1. 2. an ancient Indian religion that teaches the path to enlightenment through nonviolence and asceticism / Jains believe in reincarnation, karma, and that all living beings have souls / also strict vegetarians
  2. 4. (304-232 BCE) Chandragupta's grandson and the last major emperor of the Mauryan dynasty / rejected violence after the devastating Kalinga War in 261 BCE / his conversion and vigorous patronage of Buddhism furthered the expansion of that religion throughout India / had his policies carved on pillars throughout the empire - his edicts informed people about moral behavior, religious tolerance, and good governance
  3. 6. historic region in northwestern India and Pakistan that represented the easternmost extent of Alexander’s empire
  4. 8. shrines housing relics of the Buddha and his first disciples that pilgrims venerated while meditating on Buddhist values
  5. 11. Hindu god and preserver of the world who intervened frequently on behalf of virtuous individuals
  6. 13. demands right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, and right meditation
  7. 15. (563-483 BCE) founder of Buddhism / came from a kshatriya family, but gave up his position and inheritance in order to seek salvation / wandered through the Ganges valley searching for spiritual enlightenment and an explanation for suffering
  8. 18. what is today Afghanistan and was at the time controlled by the Greeks / fertile area and formerly a center of Iranian resistance to the Greek Macedonian invaders
  9. 19. based on the concepts of varna and jāti, and divides Hindus into four main categories: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras / both Buddhism and Jainism emerged as reactions against this rigid social hierarchy and the authority and practices of Brahmins
  10. 20. island country in South Asia / major exporter of elephants, horses, and luxury goods during the Classical Age / Theravada Buddhism is practiced there
  11. 21. (c. approx. 1200 BCE - 625 CE) kingdom in the central portion of the Ganges plain that emerged as the most important state in northeastern India by 500 BCE / conquered neighboring states and gained control of Indian commerce passing through the Ganges valley, as well as overseas trade btw. India and Burma (in SE Asia)
  12. 23. some of Kautilya's advice to Chandragupta survives in this ancient Indian political handbook - a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and principles of government
Down
  1. 1. nomadic people from Central Asia who first occupied Bactria and then invaded northern India - weakening the Gupta state
  2. 3. core of the Buddha's doctrine / teaches that all life involves suffering; that desire is the cause of suffering; that elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; and that a disciplined life conducted in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path brings the elimination of desire
  3. 5. (375-283 BCE) Chandragupta’s guru who wrote the Arthashastra, a guide for statecraft that served as a foundation for future empires / helped create the bureaucratic structure, with a hierarchy of administrators, that helped Chandragupta govern his vast empire
  4. 7. Chandragupta and his adviser Kautalya built an extensive ___________ - system of government and organization where important decisions are made by non-elected state officials
  5. 9. (358-281 BCE) Macedonian Greek general and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found an empire that controlled Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Iranian plateau / little is known about the conflict between ___________ and Chandragupta over control of the Indus Valley and the region of Gandhara
  6. 10. both the Mauryan and Gupta empires were located in the ___________ River Valley, with their power centers concentrated around the fertile plains of this region
  7. 12. (340-295 BCE) laid the foundation for the first state to bring centralized and unified government to most of the Indian subcontinent / defeated the Seleucids - gaining territory in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan / converted to Jainism towards the end of his life and died through a practice called sallekhana (fasting until death)
  8. 14. called the world's "oldest religion" / the caste system is considered central to this religion / gradually displaced Buddhism as the most popular religion in India / attracted political support and patronage from the Gupta emperors
  9. 16. basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects / based on the actions and teachings of the Buddha, which Buddhist are encouraged to follow / Ashoka’s edicts promoted ___________, a moral code developed to promote social order
  10. 17. short poetic work that best illustrates the expectations of Hinduism and the promise of salvation that it held out to its practitioners / Krishna, the human incarnation of the god Vishnu, advised the kshatriya warrior Arjuna that his caste imposed specific moral duties and social responsibilities upon him
  11. 22. (c. 240-579 CE) like the Mauryans, this dynasty based their state in Magadha / arose on foundations laid by Chandra Gupta (not related to Chandragupta) / conquered many of the regional kingdoms in India and only the Deccan Plateau and the southernmost part of the subcontinent remained outside of their influence / presided over the “Golden Age of India,” with advancements in science, mathematics, literature, art, and architecture