50 Term Crossword

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Across
  1. 2. A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
  2. 3. an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
  3. 6. a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
  4. 7. inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
  5. 8. Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
  6. 10. pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)
  7. 12. a prompt that helps us remember
  8. 14. 1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
  9. 16. illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving
  10. 22. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more errors prone- use of heuristics.
  11. 23. the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
  12. 24. and/or recognition received from someone else
  13. 25. 1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order
  14. 26. According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
  15. 28. a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
  16. 30. in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (2) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information
  17. 32. Believed language was innate; developmental theorist
  18. 34. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
  19. 35. Threshold the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
  20. 37. 7 plus or minus 2
  21. 38. the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
  22. 39. culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display
  23. 43. The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
  24. 44. organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
  25. 46. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
  26. 47. Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
  27. 48. the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
  28. 49. the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Down
  1. 1. the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
  2. 4. in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
  3. 5. interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
  4. 9. reward
  5. 11. expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
  6. 13. a theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories
  7. 15. narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
  8. 17. 1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal
  9. 18. psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
  10. 19. in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
  11. 20. pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
  12. 21. the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater
  13. 22. the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied
  14. 27. A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
  15. 29. scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
  16. 31. the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
  17. 33. a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
  18. 36. neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body
  19. 40. a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
  20. 41. The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
  21. 42. A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
  22. 45. Potential a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon