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Across
  1. 2. A system flow that involves a change in location of energy or matter, without any change in its state or form.
  2. 3. levels The position that an organism occupies in a food chain, or the position of a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same position in food chains.
  3. 6. To absorb and incorporate nutrients to form parts of the body of an organism.
  4. 10. When material is deposited or left behind.
  5. 13. Empty spaces or voids in soil that hold air and water, allowing for root penetration and facilitating the exchange of gases and nutrients.
  6. 18. A system’s ability to recover when disturbed; able to avoid tipping points and maintain stability.
  7. 20. Compounds which do not contain carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and carbonates) and are not derived from living matter.
  8. 21. An essential element necessary for plant growth Chemical symbol K
  9. 22. Organic matter, primarily derived from animal faeces –- a similar term to manure.
  10. 23. Soil that has a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay.
  11. 24. The process of change over time in an ecosystem.
  12. 25. Water that falls to the Earth’s surface or condenses in various forms of rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
  13. 26. A graphical representation of soil texture based on the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles, used to classify soils into categories like loam, clay, or sandy soils.
  14. 27. A process whereby soil or rock is worn away and transported by wind or water.
  15. 28. A movement of matter, energy or information into a storage; causes the storage to increase.
  16. 30. Organisms that ingest and internally digest detritus.
  17. 33. Two or more food chains linked together; it shows that a single species can occupy multiple trophic levels.
  18. 36. The transfer of water by humans from surface or groundwater storages to crops.
  19. 38. Carbon-containing molecules associated with living organisms, for example, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and hydrocarbon fuels.
  20. 41. The layer of soil immediately beneath the topsoil, often containing minerals leached from above.
  21. 43. Soil particles with a diameter ranging from 0.002 to 0.05 millimetres, intermediate in size between sand and clay particles.
  22. 47. Heterotrophs that externally digest detritus and absorb the products.
  23. 51. Releases energy from glucose by converting it into a chemical form that can easily be used in carrying out active processes within living cells; glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
  24. 53. Fresh, undecomposed plant debris.
  25. 58. The breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of the Earth.
  26. 59. uptake The various active and passive mechanisms by which plants absorb water and minerals from the soil through their roots.
  27. 62. A horizontal layer of soil that is distinctive in its chemical and physical properties.
  28. 65. A system flow that moves energy and matter, but in the process there is also a change in the chemical nature, a change in state or a change in energy.
  29. 66. A transfer involving the movement of air in, out and through soil.
  30. 67. Organic matter derived from bat faeces.
  31. 69. Water stored at ground level in lakes, rivers and other storages.
  32. 70. Inorganic substances (not made directly from living things), for example copper.
  33. 71. The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil-forming processes.
  34. 74. The process of water carrying away nutrients or minerals from the soil, often due to excessive rainfall or irrigation.
  35. 75. The gases surrounding the Earth.
  36. 76. A transfer caused by organisms such as earthworms mixing the soil, that helps to aerate and move nutrients through soils.
  37. 77. A movement of matter, energy or information out of a storage; causes the storage to decrease.
  38. 78. The transfers, transformations, and recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.
  39. 80. The gain by producers in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time. This term could refer to either gross or net primary productivity.
  40. 81. Water entering the soil.
  41. 82. An organism that is eaten by another organism called a predator.
  42. 83. The transformation of a liquid into a vapour, for example liquid water into water vapour.
Down
  1. 1. Nutrients containing carbon, derived from living organisms and which are essential for living organisms, for example carbohydrates.
  2. 2. Energy in the form of heat.
  3. 4. An organic fertiliser made from the faeces and urine of animals.
  4. 5. The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
  5. 7. A vertical section through a soil, from the surface down to the parent material, revealing the soil layers or horizons.
  6. 8. person or community that moves from place to place, often with their livestock.
  7. 9. The exchange of various elements between different aspects of Earth’s systems, for example carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, hydrological cycle.
  8. 11. A transformation where organic matter is broken down by decomposers, releasing nutrients and energy for plant life.
  9. 12. The process of increasing salt content in soil, often due to excessive water content from heavy rainfall or irrigation.
  10. 14. The Earth system that contains water, on, above, or underneath its surface.
  11. 15. Electromagnetic radiation released from the Sun and re-radiated out into the atmosphere from the Earth's surface. They are an invisible part of the energy provided by the Sun.
  12. 16. The reservoir of viable seeds present in soil, which can germinate and grow when conditions are suitable.
  13. 17. The solid, unweathered rock layer beneath the soil and sediment, forming the Earth's foundation.
  14. 19. The transfer of water downward through layers of soil or rock.
  15. 25. An essential element necessary for plant growth Chemical symbol P
  16. 26. A group of organisms that share common characteristics and that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
  17. 29. The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
  18. 31. Minerals or salts that do not contain carbon and are essential for living organisms, for example sodium chloride.
  19. 32. Substances mainly composed of nitrates, phosphorus, and potassium, added to increase soil fertility.
  20. 34. The ecological system that contains all life on Earth.
  21. 35. Energy from the sun.
  22. 37. The total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area.
  23. 39. Aquatic organisms that perform photosynthesis to produce their own food.
  24. 40. A crop grown mostly for sale and profit rather than for personal use.
  25. 42. A dark brown or black substance lying beneath the leaf litter; it has a loose, crumbly texture formed by the partial decay of dead plant material.
  26. 43. An approach that explores connections and interdependencies between the parts of a system, and between the parts and the whole.
  27. 44. A community of interdependent organisms and the physical environment they interact with.
  28. 45. underlying geological material from which soil is formed through weathering and other processes. It is often formed from bedrock.
  29. 46. pH A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil.
  30. 48. An organism that kills and eats another organism.
  31. 49. Soil particles with a diameter smaller than 0.002 millimetres, characterised by high plasticity and water-holding capacity.
  32. 50. The place in which a community, species, population or organism lives.
  33. 52. A kingdom of organisms that absorbs nutrients from organic matter, for example mushrooms.
  34. 54. The solid, outer part of the Earth.
  35. 55. Relating to or characteristic of land environments rather than aquatic or marine environments.
  36. 56. Characteristics of a system that appear when the individual system parts interact; the system parts themselves do not have these characteristics.
  37. 57. The physical make-up of the mineral soil; it depends on the relative proportions of sand, silt, clay and humus.
  38. 60. An essential element necessary for plant growth - produced by legumes.
  39. 61. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen).
  40. 63. Chemicals used in agriculture, such as fertilisers or pesticides.
  41. 64. The organisation and arrangement of soil particles.
  42. 67. Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in soil and rock crevices.
  43. 68. Decomposed organic matter, including dead plants and animals, and their fragments.
  44. 72. Fertiliser made by composting.
  45. 73. A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.
  46. 79. Soil particles with a diameter ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 millimetres, larger than silt and clay particles.