9th grade Lowery Freshman center biology review

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Across
  1. 2. the gelatinous, jelly-like substance that fills the inside of a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane
  2. 7. any microorganism, agent, or germ—such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite—that causes disease in its host (human, animal, or plant).
  3. 8. the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within every cell of a living organism to sustain life.
  4. 10. the specific genetic makeup or constitution of an organism, representing the precise set of genes and alleles it carries.
  5. 12. a mature sexual reproductive cell—specifically a sperm (male) or egg/ovum (female)—that contains a single, haploid set of chromosomes
  6. 14. the biochemical process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, producing glucose (sugar) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
  7. 16. a functional, geographic unit consisting of all living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with each other and their non-living physical environment (abiotic factors).
  8. 17. the process or result of changing to better suit new conditions or environments, enhancing an organism's survival or an entity's functionality.
  9. 21. a biological catalyst—usually a specialized protein—that accelerates specific chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or permanently altered in the process
  10. 24. a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant, fungal, and some animal and bacterial cells, acting as a storage vesicle or "small cavity"
  11. 26. the self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
  12. 27. the incredible variety of all living things on Earth—including plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans—and the complex ecosystems they form.
  13. 28. an individual or group that purchases or uses goods, products, or services primarily for personal, family, or household needs, rather than for resale or business production
  14. 30. an entity—person, company, or organism—that creates, manufactures, or grows goods, services, or organic matter.
  15. 33. simple sugar (monosaccharide) with the chemical formula \(C_6H_{12}O_6\) that serves as the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, tissues, and brain.
  16. 34. specialized,membrane-bound, or distinct structures within a cell that perform specific functions, acting as "little organs" to support life processes.
  17. 35. essential molecular machines found within all living cells—prokaryotic and eukaryotic—that function as the primary sites of protein synthesis.
  18. 36. the net, passive movement of particles—atoms, ions, or molecules—from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
  19. 37. a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  20. 39. the set of observable characteristics, traits, or physical properties of an organism
Down
  1. 1. a permanent, heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism
  2. 3. a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.
  3. 4. the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of specific DNA sequences located on chromosomes.
  4. 5. Respiration the metabolic process in which cells break down nutrients (like glucose) using oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
  5. 6. is the hereditary material in humans and almost all living organisms.
  6. 8. a fundamental process of cell division where a single eukaryotic cell (the parent) divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
  7. 9. primary energy carrier molecule in all living cells, often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer
  8. 11. the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
  9. 13. renewable organic material derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, acting as a stored energy source originally from the sun.
  10. 15. an essential nucleic acid present in all living cells that carries out instructions from DNA to produce proteins and regulates cellular activities.
  11. 18. the central, most important part of an object, acting as a core around which others are grouped.
  12. 19. an organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms
  13. 20. organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as the primary energy source for the body.
  14. 22. membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells
  15. 23. the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
  16. 25. an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
  17. 29. a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from a single diploid parent cell.
  18. 31. membrane a thin, dynamic, and semipermeable layer that surrounds every living cell.
  19. 32. Selection the fundamental mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass advantageous genetic traits to offspring.
  20. 38. an organism that produces its own food by converting inorganic materials from sunlight or chemical reactions.