Actus reus

2. Total loss of voluntary control caused by an external factor like a reflex.
4. A failure to act where a legal duty to act exists.
5. Cause established by using the "but for" test in White.
9. An independent act that breaks the chain of causation.
10. The physical element or guilty act required to establish criminal liability.
12. A duty to act created by willingly taking on care, seen in Stone and Dobinson.
13. A duty to act that is explicitly created and mandated by Parliament.
14. Cause established by proving the act was an operating and substantial contribution.

1. The legal link connecting the defendant's act directly to the resulting harm.
3. A duty to act arising from employment obligations, established in Pitwood.
6. Crimes where the physical act itself is prohibited regardless of the outcome.
7. The fundamental requirement that a defendant's physical actions must be willed.
8. Crimes requiring a specific result or harm to occur to be proven.
9. Actions occurring without conscious control or free will, such as muscle spasms.
11. A duty to act based on family ties, established in Gibbons and Proctor.