AHPS: Week 1 - Lec 3: Reproduction.

Across

2. predation is very common – mostly wild dogs and _____, less commonly birds of prey and crows. _______ are particularly abundant in south-east SA and parts of NSW. Common in pretty much all of Australia except the very northernmost bits of the country.
3. _____ and goats have a gestational period of 150 days.
5. actual monthly __________ may vary significantly from the average long-term ________. This can affect grass growth, etc etc etc.
7. _________ progeny need more nutrition than singles – can separate mothers beforehand so lamb in different paddocks?
8. female ruminants should be _____-70% of adult bodyweight when first mated in order to get good pregnancy rates.
10. ______ have a gestational period of 280 days.
15. only natural mating is allowed in the TB industry – whereas in the standardbred ‘trots’ racing, ________ ______________ (2 words) can be used.
20. to __________ loss of offspring on farm: number of females x industry standard for offspring produced per female. What is difference between this number and the number of new babies on your farm? (doesn’t account for loss during conception/gestation).
22. extreme envionrmental conditions, especially _____, is one of the biggest killers for extensive livestock offspring. Trees, aspect and drainage can be used to reduce the impact of ____/wind/rain.
24. websites like breedplan and sheep genetics can help to reduce genetic causes of loss during parturition by selecting for lower ______ _______ and better lambing ease.
27. one study showed that individual lamb survival rate __________ as number of offspring per mother increases.
28. in some enterprises, all animals are the same ____ eg broiler chickens, pork finishing etc “all in, all out”. Other enterprises such as a self-replacing merino flock, will have multiple ___ groups.
29. female ________ naturally cycle as daylight hits maximum.
30. an aim of reproduction is to _______ animals that die or are beyond effective breeding age (cast for age CFA)
32. it is impossible to replace an entire breeding female population in one year, unless the minimum progeny per female is ___ (assuming ratio of 1:1 male:female).
36. cattle, _______ sheep, and most short wool british breeds are less seasonal / not seasonal breeders.
37. reproduction has impacts on ____________ of the herd – more feed/attention required in late preg/lactation, minimise handling during late pregnancy and post-partruition.
41. an aim of reproduction is to select desirable __________ in both males and females. Try to improve overall herd/flock _______.

Down

1. horses, temperate deer, goats, and long wool British sheep breeds are _______ breeders. – advantage to birth in spring, but not always advantage to farmer who may want to breed out of season.
4. various genetic defects can reduce reprod rates (eg _______ calf syndrome or breeds with large heads/high muscling (Belgian blue cattle)) also toxins can have an impact (teratogens).
6. the time from mating to parturition.
7. reproduction can impact on productivity – must give birth to produce _____.
9. some species only on _____ (oestrus) at certain times of year – evolutionary advantage – want offspring born in spring when feed av. high. Receptive to male for a few days – may continue to cycle if mating not successful in round 1.
11. a thoroughbreds birthday is automatically the 1st of __________ - so we want the horse to be born right after this, so that when __________ the first rolls around, we already have a big, strong, fit ‘newborn’. Gestation length around 340 days, so we want to get mare pregnant in late __________ to maximise size for ‘age’. Goes against natural oestrus cycles (want to breed when day lengths the longest) – need drugs to alter.
12. ovine ___________ causes male infertility.
13. it may not be ______________ viable to maximise reproductive success – all animals would have to be in top condition score – costs lost to supplementary feed...
14. the ________ of the lamb influences its survival rate. Optimum around 5kg. Bell shaped curve.
16. oestrus is reduced post-partum, or if in low ________ _____. Increased when there are males around.
17. twin lambs have _____ times higher mortality rate c.f single lambs (33% cf. 11%)
18. prolificacy refers to the number of ________ per pregnancy. Eg pigs can have around 10 _________, cows usually only 1.
19. may be able to alter seasonal breeders breeding patterns through – altering _____ exposure, using drugs that affect the pineal gland and melatonin production (Regulin), and genetically selecting for particular breeding traits.
21. what causes loss? – genetics, nutrition, _________, environmental factors (wind/cold/rain), infectious disease.
23. the physical shape of the mother can influence birthing ease. Mother may be too small (weak etc), or too _____ (other problems with giving birth).
25. has a long gestation of 336 days!
26. female animals should be able to _____ the weight of the male (depending on mating technique).
27. reproduction can impact on animal health – sexually transmitted ___________, higher risk of _________ during preg/lact.
31. age that an animal can be mated for the first time varies greatly between species. In general, the ________ the animal, the longer it takes to mature. Cows around 15 months, depends on bodyweight.
33. gestation of 115 days. Less than a sheep, more than a dog.
34. ____ and dogs have a shorter gestation than livestock – 63 days.
35. the first _____ after lambing has the highest lamb mortality rate.
38. in horses, STDs can also be transmitted from male to female and affect reproduction – EHV3- pustules/ulcers on genetalia. EHV1 – causes _______. (equine herpes virus)
39. _____ animals of many species are generally able to mate at about half of their adult bodyweight.
40. has a gestation of around 250 days – almost as long as a cow!