AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS

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Across
  1. 2. An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein, reversing the regulatory actions of kinases.
  2. 4. The process where a messenger RNA sequence is decoded to build a specific sequence of amino acids.
  3. 5. The smallest amino acid; it occupies every third position in a collagen chain to allow tight packing.
  4. 7. Complex proteins that have a tightly bound functional metal ion integrated within their structure.
  5. 8. A modified amino acid in collagen that requires Vitamin C for its formation, essential for helix stability.
  6. 12. An iron-containing metalloprotein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in the electron transport chain.
  7. 13. The triple-stranded helical quaternary structure unique to the structural architecture of collagen.
  8. 14. An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein, modifying its activity.
  9. 16. The chemical form of an amino acid at neutral pH where it bears both a positive and a negative charge.
  10. 18. Specialized helper proteins that assist newly synthesized polypeptide chains in folding into their native shapes.
  11. 20. The non-protein component of a lipoprotein complex that carries lipids and guides receptor binding.
  12. 21. The primary structural proteins that make up hair, nails, and the outer cornified layer of the skin.
  13. 23. The major phosphoprotein of milk that delivers essential calcium and phosphate to neonates.
  14. 26. The major lipid molecule wrapped in the hydrophobic interior of lipoprotein transport vehicles.
  15. 27. The large, barrel-shaped cellular complex responsible for degrading unneeded or tagged proteins.
  16. 29. The first step in amino acid catabolism, involving the transfer of an amino group to an alpha-ketoacid.
  17. 30. The class of proteins formed by combining a simple protein with a non-protein prosthetic group.
  18. 35. The plasma metalloprotein that acts as the principal transport vehicle for iron through the circulation.
  19. 37. An acid-stable protease secreted by gastric chief cells that initiates protein digestion in the stomach.
  20. 38. An intracellular metalloprotein that serves as the primary molecule for storing iron safely in cells.
  21. 42. A copper-binding metalloprotein in blood plasma that plays a crucial role in iron oxidation and metabolism.
  22. 44. A primary sulfur-containing amino acid responsible for stabilizing keratin via strong disulfide bonds.
  23. 45. A highly flexible scleroprotein found abundantly in elastic tissues like large arteries and lungs.
  24. 46. A small regulatory protein used as a molecular tag to target damaged or short-lived proteins for destruction.
  25. 47. A unique, rubber-like cross-link found in elastin formed from four modified lysine residues.
  26. 48. The loss of a protein's native three-dimensional structure without the cleavage of its peptide backbone.
  27. 49. A clinical disease caused by severe Vitamin C deficiency, resulting in weak, un-hydroxylated collagen.
  28. 50. The specific chemical property of amino acids that permits them to act as both an acid and a base.
Down
  1. 1. The oxidative removal of an amino group from an amino acid, releasing free toxic ammonia.
  2. 3. A permanent, non-protein component bound tightly to a complex protein (such as heme or a lipid group).
  3. 6. The specific pH at which an amino acid or a protein has a net electrical charge of zero.
  4. 9. A copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers in the matrix.
  5. 10. Proteins containing a chemically bound phosphate group, often used for nutrient storage or signaling.
  6. 11. The most abundant structural scleroprotein in humans, providing tensile strength to skin, bone, and tendons.
  7. 15. The primary nitrogenous waste compound made in the liver to safely excrete toxic ammonia from protein breakdown.
  8. 17. A pancreatic protease activated in the duodenum that splits peptide bonds next to basic amino acids.
  9. 19. An iron-containing metalloprotein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues.
  10. 22. A prominent nutrient-storing phosphoprotein found in avian egg yolks.
  11. 24. A genetic condition caused by defective fibrillin, leading to weak elastic fibers and cardiovascular defects.
  12. 25. The fundamental structural subunit of a collagen fibril secreted into the extracellular matrix.
  13. 28. A class of complex proteins that transport hydrophobic lipids through the aqueous bloodstream.
  14. 31. The basic structural unit or building block that links together to synthesize a polypeptide chain.
  15. 32. Glycoprotein microfibrils that serve as a crucial structural scaffold for the deposition of elastin.
  16. 33. Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body de novo and must be obtained entirely from the diet.
  17. 34. Elongated, insoluble structural proteins like collagen and keratin that serve protective or mechanical roles.
  18. 36. The cellular macromolecular factory where translation and protein biosynthesis take place.
  19. 39. The covalent link formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
  20. 40. Amino acids that can be manufactured by the human body and are not strictly required from dietary intake.
  21. 41. The specific amino acid residue whose hydroxyl group is most frequently phosphorylated in phosphoproteins.
  22. 43. The enzymatic breakdown of dietary or cellular proteins into small peptides and free amino acids.