Ancient Egypt

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Across
  1. 2. Narmer ________ - archaeological find that shows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt / shows early kingship and the use of art as political propaganda / often linked to the Early Dynastic Period
  2. 6. (1341-1323 BCE) ‘King Tut’ / pharaoh who reversed his father Akhenaten’s policy that saw Egypt switch from its polytheistic religion to a monotheistic one / the discovery of his tomb sparked worldwide fascination with Egypt - his cause of death remains unknown
  3. 7. (1507-1458 BCE) regent to her stepson Thutmose III / referred to herself as the ‘Lady of the Two Lands’ / when Thutmose III neared maturity, she declared herself pharaoh in a daring power play / sent a trading expedition to the fabled land of Punt, along the southern shore of the Red Sea
  4. 10. pictorial writing system that the people of Egypt used to write down their language and record aspects of their culture / the information from the writing tells us something about how the Egyptians governed their land and people, about their beliefs
  5. 12. (r. approx. 3100 BCE) early Egyptian king traditionally identified w/ Menes / credited by later Egyptian tradition w/ unifying Upper and Lower Egypt and founding the First Dynasty / helped establish the pharaoh as the central political and religious authority of the unified Egyptian state
  6. 13. longest river in the world / originates at Lake Victoria and empties into the Mediterranean Sea / flows north
  7. 15. wise ruler who may have taught humans agriculture and civilization / a deity who at one time may have been a local ruler in the Nile River's delta / originally associated with the city of Busiris in the Delta and is an example of a regional god who gained countrywide acceptance / lord of the underworld / represented as a mummified king
  8. 19. the Egyptian concept of truth, balance, and order / after death, a person’s heart was weighed against the feather of ________ - if it was as light as the feather (or balanced with ________), the person was deemed worthy of a peaceful, eternal afterlife
  9. 20. ________ III (1481-1425 BCE) - New Kingdom pharaoh who historians would later call the ‘Napoleon of Egypt’ / led numerous military campaigns into Syria-Palestine and Nubia - expanding the Egyptian Empire farther than any previous pharaoh
  10. 21. simplified, cursive writing script used in ancient Egypt, primarily by priests for religious and funerary literature / evolved alongside hieroglyphics
  11. 22. ________ Egypt - southern portion of Egypt / consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser / lifeblood of Ancient Egypt, as its yearly inundation (flooding) allowed for agriculture in an otherwise arid desert / political and religious center: Thebes
  12. 23. ________ I (1570-1546 BCE) - Late Bronze Age pharaoh who expelled the Hyksos from the delta / used the technology they introduced to Egypt - horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons - against them / reasserted control over Nubia and plundered their gold reserves in the process
  13. 25. ________ II (1303-1213 BCE) - his celebrated building accomplishments include the marvels at Karnak and Abu Simbel / fought the Hittites for control of Syria at Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE / signed one of the first known peace treaties with the Hittites
  14. 27. trained writers, who could read and write both hieroglyphics and hieratic, that were responsible for keeping official records / part of a small, highly respected educated class that was essential to running the bureaucracy
  15. 28. rulers of ancient Egypt / both heads of state and the religious leaders of their people
  16. 31. ancient Egyptian process of preserving a dead body by removing internal organs and treating it with oils and linen so it could be prepared for the afterlife - the goal was “eternal life” and pyramids and tombs were designed to protect the body
  17. 33. Book of the ________ - collection of mortuary texts made up of spells or magic formulas, placed in tombs and believed to protect and aid the deceased in the afterlife / copied onto rolls of papyrus and often colorfully illustrated
Down
  1. 1. ________ Intermediate Period (1650-1550 BCE) - Hyksos (an Egyptian phrase meaning ‘rulers of foreign lands’), who were primarily from the Levant, controlled much of northern Egypt / the Hyksos introduced new military technologies, including chariots, composite bows, and improved bronze weapons / eventually expelled by Egyptian rulers from Thebes
  2. 3. a paper-like material made from reeds along the Nile / used for writing and record-keeping
  3. 4. Kingdom of ________ (1070 BCE - 350 CE) - powerful Nubian kingdom centered along the Nile south of the First Cataract, roughly corresponding to modern southern Egypt and northern Sudan / rich in gold and other resources, making it an important trading partner and rival of Egypt / conquered Egypt in the 8th century BCE and established the 25th Dynasty / established its capital at Meroë, which became a major center of ironworking and long-distance trade / maintained distinctive Nubian religious and cultural traditions, while adopting many Egyptian influences
  4. 5. group of foreign rulers, likely from the Levant, who conquered and ruled Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period - this occupation contributed to the rise of the Egyptian Empire, during the New Kingdom / introduced military technologies, including horse-drawn chariots, composite bows, and bronze weapons, to Egypt
  5. 8. rich soil deposited by the yearly flooding, or inundation of the Nile / made farming possible in an otherwise extremely dry, arid region
  6. 9. ________ Intermediate Period (2181-2055 BCE) - political fragmentation into competing regional kingdoms after the collapse of the Old Kingdom / most important rivalry was btw. Thebes in Upper Egypt and Herakleopolis in Lower Egypt / ended when Theban rulers reunified Egypt and established the Middle Kingdom
  7. 11. constructed as burial places for Egyptian royalty during the Old Kingdom
  8. 14. one of the six major, rocky whitewater rapids that break the flow of the Nile River / the first marks the separation of Egypt and Nubia
  9. 15. ________ Kingdom (2686-2181 BCE) - ‘Age of the Pyramids’ - Great Pyramid of Giza and other major pyramids constructed as monumental royal tombs / period of strong centralized government under the pharaohs, who were regarded as divine rulers / capital at Memphis, which served as a major political and religious center / decline of centralized authority led to the First Intermediate Period
  10. 16. ________ Stone (discovered in 1799 CE) - a stone stele with the same text written in three scripts - Greek, hieroglyphics, and demotic / allowed modern scholars to decode Egyptian hieroglyphics / constructed during the Ptolemaic period, when Egypt was ruled by Greek-speaking rulers
  11. 17. region along the Nile south of the First Cataract, roughly corresponding to modern southern Egypt and northern Sudan / Egypt's important southern neighbor and frequent rival, trading partner, and source of gold, ivory, and other valuable resources / home to several powerful kingdoms, most prominently Kush, which conquered Egypt in the 8th century BCE
  12. 18. patron deity of Lower Egypt / falcon-headed son of Isis and Osiris / served many functions, most notably as the god of kingship, healing, protection, the sun, and the sky / had many battles with Set, not only to avenge his father but to choose the rightful ruler of Egypt
  13. 19. city near the apex of the Nile Delta - important center of trade / capital of the Old Kingdom / located near major pyramid complexes / main cult center of the god Ptah
  14. 24. the Nile ________ is the vast marshland in Lower Egypt where the Nile spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea / important center for trade
  15. 25. from himself, he created the first gods / sun-god / represented by the sun-disk or a scarab / in the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh was considered the son of ________
  16. 26. ________ Kingdom (1550-1069 BCE) - ‘Imperial Egypt’ - pharaohs drove out the Hyksos and conquered territory in Nubia to the south and in the Levant and Syria to the northeast / major temple-building at Karnak and Abu Simbel / period of great wealth and international influence - conquered Nubia, gaining access to great quantities of gold, and the Levant, gaining access to trade routes connecting Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the eastern Mediterranean / capital at Thebes
  17. 29. ________ Ra - created when two major gods merged - Amun “The Hidden One,” originally a local god of Thebes, and Ra, the sun-god and creator deity / became the supreme state deity of New Kingdom Egypt as Thebes rose to prominence / associated w/ kingship, creation, and the power of the Egyptian state
  18. 30. ________ Egypt - northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea / began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BCE / political and religious center: Memphis
  19. 32. ________ Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE) - reunification under rulers from Thebes, who reduced the power of local governors, or nomarchs / expanded Egyptian control into Nubia and constructed defensive fortifications in the Nile Delta / often considered a “golden age” of Egyptian literature, art, and culture w/ strong pharaohs who created political and economic prosperity / capital at Thebes