Ancient Greece

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  1. 6. A student of Socrates and founder of the Academy in Athens. He wrote The Republic, argued that reality consists of ideal "Forms," and believed society should be ruled by wise "philosopher-kings."
  2. 8. A form of government in which power is held by the nobility or a privileged upper class, typically consisting of wealthy landowners who pass power down through family lineages.
  3. 9. A devastating civil war between Athens (and its Delian League) and Sparta (and its Peloponnesian League). Sparta won, ending the Golden Age of Athens and leaving Greece weak and divided.
  4. 10. The ancient Greek term for a city-state. It was the fundamental political and geographical unit of ancient Greece, consisting of an urban center (often with an acropolis) and its surrounding countryside.
  5. 11. of Macedonia The brilliant king of Macedon (reigned 359–336 BCE) who reformed the military using the Macedonian phalanx. He conquered and unified the Greek city-states before his assassination.
  6. 14. A system of government where power is vested in the people. Pioneered in Athens ("direct democracy"), it allowed adult male citizens to vote directly on laws and policies rather than electing representatives.
  7. 15. A sophisticated, Bronze Age civilization based on the island of Crete (c. 2700–1450 BCE). Known for its grand palace at Knossos, vibrant frescoes, maritime trade, and the un-deciphered script Linear A.
  8. 16. A series of conflicts between a coalition of Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Key battles included Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis, resulting in a Greek victory that preserved their independence.
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  1. 1. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great. He founded the Lyceum and pioneered the empirical method, writing extensively on logic, biology, physics, politics, and ethics.
  2. 2. An Athenian philosopher (c. 470–399 BCE) who shifted philosophy toward ethics and human behavior. He taught by asking guiding questions (the Socratic Method) and was executed for "corrupting the youth."
  3. 3. Civilization The era (323–31 BCE) following Alexander the Great's death. It featured a blend of Greek (Hellenic), Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures, marked by major advancements in science, math, and philosophy.
  4. 4. A tight, rectangular military formation of hoplite foot soldiers standing shoulder-to-shoulder, overlapping their shields and projecting long spears forward to create an unbreachable wall.
  5. 5. the Great Son of Philip II; he conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt, and marched as far as India, creating one of the largest empires in history and spreading Greek culture across the ancient world.
  6. 7. A Greek-speaking people who migrated into the Greek mainland around 1100 BCE, coinciding with the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization. Their arrival marked the beginning of the Greek Dark Ages.
  7. 12. A legendary, blind Greek poet of the 8th century BCE who is credited with composing the Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems that defined ancient Greek values, heroism, and mythology.
  8. 13. The first advanced civilization in mainland Greece (c. 1600–1100 BCE). Known for its fortified palace-cities (like Mycenae), warrior culture, engineering feats, and Linear B script—an early form of Greek.