Antibodies & Vaccines

4. Response that involves B lymphocytes being activated by antigen and antibodies being produced by plasma cells.
6. The DNA sequence that codes for the antigen on a pathogen is altered and therefore the antigen is a different shape.
8. Viable pathogens that have been modified so that they do not cause disease but still cause an immune response.
9. Response that involves T-killer cells being activated and causing cell death by releasing perforin onto antigen presenting cells.
10. Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection.
11. The second time an antigen is encountered. The memory cells divide by mitosis to produce active plasma cells and T killer cells within 2 to 7 days.
13. Immunity achieved through normal life processes, such as infection and breastfeeding.

1. Antibodies produced by the same hybridoma cells. The antibodies can attach to a single antigen.
2. A test to identify if a patient has certain antibodies to a pathogen, which indicates they have been infected.
3. Achieved by a vaccination programme which provides immunity to all or almost all of the population at risk.
5. Antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and form a clump so they can no longer infect cells.
7. Type of immunity where the immune system is activated, and plasma cells produce antibodies.
12. Immunity achieved by medical intervention, e.g. vaccination, injecting antibodies.