AP Bio Unit 3 Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 1. the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.
  2. 3. A series of chemical reactions that occurs as part of the dark reactions of photosynthesis
  3. 6. an organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other organic group. Many naturally occurring fats and essential oils are esters of fatty acids.
  4. 12. require energy input to take simple, low energy reactants and build complex, high energy products.
  5. 14. the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
  6. 15. a multi-subunit pigment-protein complex found in thylakoid membranes of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, algae, and plants
  7. 16. each of the partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane.
  8. 19. the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
  9. 24. A chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transfered from one side of the reaction to the other.
  10. 25. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
  11. 27. the enzyme that incorporates CO2 into plants during photosynthesis
  12. 28. the breaking down of sugar molecules into simpler compounds to produce substances
  13. 29. plays a vital role in normal hemostasis and thrombosis
  14. 30. a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.
  15. 33. energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion.
  16. 35. a class of oxygen-containing carotenoid pigments
  17. 38. a thermodynamic quantity equal to the enthalpy (of a system or process) minus the product of the entropy and the absolute temperature.
  18. 41. any of a number of compounds consisting of heme bonded to a protein. Cytochromes function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways, especially cellular respiration.
  19. 43. the process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms and converted into organic compounds.
  20. 44. the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
  21. 47. a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
  22. 48. set up in a mitochondria membrane, where the proton concentration is higher outside the inner membrane than inside the membrane.
  23. 49. a model for enzyme–substrate interaction to describe that the substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment of the active site of the enzyme, causing the latter to subsequently perform its catalytic function.
  24. 51. a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
  25. 53. the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.
  26. 56. any coloured material found in a plant or animal cell
  27. 57. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism
  28. 60. a 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid,
  29. 61. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.
  30. 63. a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
  31. 64. The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine.
  32. 66. reducing agent produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis
  33. 67. inhibition of an enzyme controlling an early stage of a series of biochemical reactions by the end product when it reaches a critical concentration.
  34. 68. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
  35. 69. the division of something into sections or categories.
  36. 70. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
  37. 71. a type of behavior where a number of seemingly independent components of a system act collectively, in unison or near-unison.
  38. 72. a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
  39. 73. a reaction in which electrons are added to a compound;
Down
  1. 2. a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
  2. 3. organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity
  3. 4. the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane
  4. 5. an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin
  5. 7. a chemical reaction in which energy is being used in the overall reaction, making the reaction non-spontaneous and thermodynamiacally unfavorable.
  6. 8. a type of chemical reaction in which molecules are split into smaller by absorbing light.
  7. 9. the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
  8. 10. The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body.
  9. 11. an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, notably as the principal CO 2 acceptor in plants
  10. 13. a graph that shows the absorbance of different wavelengths of light by a particular pigment
  11. 17. The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
  12. 18. the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.
  13. 20. any member of the most important class of pigments involved in photosynthesis,
  14. 21. the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane.
  15. 22. the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
  16. 23. The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient
  17. 26. involves the investment of two ATP molecules and results in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate..
  18. 31. the removal or elimination of carboxyl from a molecule.
  19. 32. The complete range of all types of radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves.
  20. 34. the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.
  21. 36. the tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons
  22. 37. the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
  23. 39. the product of the Calvin cycle
  24. 40. A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen
  25. 42. High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.
  26. 45. a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane to create a gradient of protons
  27. 46. a reaction that releases free energy in the process of the reaction.
  28. 50. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production
  29. 52. a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species
  30. 54. A molecule that can accept and donate electrons from and to various enzymes.
  31. 55. A chemical reaction that takes place when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or another oxidizing substance.
  32. 56. the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors.
  33. 58. Sites different from the active site of an enzyme where a molecule can bind and change the shape of the active site
  34. 59. a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.
  35. 62. stage in cellular respiration that “links” two other stages
  36. 65. a quantum of radiant energy with a visible wavelength.