AP Euro Renaissance and Reformation

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Across
  1. 6. Art made a shift to this; people sought recognition and patronage for their works instead of all the glory going to God; sponsors sought art that glorified themselves. New trends included light/contrasts and single point perspectives
  2. 7. The institution in the 1500s where there was only one, it was Catholic, and it was hierarchical from the pope down
  3. 9. 1. Spread ideas and started Northern Renaissance movement. 2. One of the biggest inventions in history. Rise in literacy in 16th century. Informed people, spread reformation/renaissance ideas.
  4. 13. Important humanist. Wrote Utopia (nowhere) critical of many aspects of contemporary society. Critical of parts of the church, beheaded by Henry VIII
  5. 16. High Renaissance. Military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, painter; "Renaissance man"
  6. 18. Spread quickly, established church in Scotland (french Huguenots). The dynamic Calvinism was the opposition to Catholicism during counter Reformation not stagnant Lutheranism. Pilgrims were English Calvinists
  7. 20. A problem facing the church on the eve of reformation; mostly happened with the lower section, they could not respond to Luther. Often as a result of simony
  8. 21. Event where Frederick elector of Saxony and others supported Luther; Luther said to Charles V that he could not recant because he could not go against his conscience
  9. 23. Changes for this group included wealthy, secular of this group learning to read/write
  10. 25. Wrote Institutes of Christian religion; grace bestowed on relatively few, predestination and no free will, strict disciplinarian (instituted it in Geneva), focused on correct living in earthly matters
  11. 27. A problem facing the church on the eve of reformation; 70 years of rule of this group by French Avignon and the Great Schism both contributed to this circumstance with this group
  12. 35. a more radical group that both Luther and the pope disapproved of. Rejected infant baptism took over Munster in 1534. Moved to pacifism when violence failed
  13. 39. a movement that was for more political than religious reasons
  14. 40. Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, also had the title of Bloody, married Phillip II of Spain, strongly catholic, and had success in making formal links between the papacy and England (ruled after Edward and Lady Jane Grey)
  15. 42. Art style of the late Renaissance characterized by distorted figures and disturbing themes that reflected the growing sense of crisis in Italy due to religious/political problems
  16. 43. Debated Luther on issues addressed in the 95 theses in Leipzig; called Luther a Hussite while Luther said Hus was unjustly condemned
  17. 44. Critical figure in the area of textual analysis (ex: proved Constantine did not write the Donation of Constantine through word dating)
  18. 47. Spanish noble, founded Jesuits, ideas laid out in Spiritual Exercises
  19. 49. Poor people/commoners in Renaissance Italy. Rebelled in 1378 (Ciompi Revolt) and established brief control over Florentine government
  20. 53. Henry VIII's third wife, mother of Edward VI
  21. 54. Movement mostly concerned with secular concerns; founded modern notion of individualism
  22. 57. first king after HenryVIII, tried to institute Protestant theology into the English Church
  23. 58. Augustinian monk converted by a thunderstorm that had a problem with indulgences at the time sold by Johann Tetzel for money to buy another bishopric for someone. Wrote 95 theses, but was worried about his own salvation. Translated the bible into German
  24. 59. Movement characterized development of a variety of religious variants (mostly more radical) with groups like Anabaptists, Antitrinitarians Zwingli, Calvin, and the Church of England
  25. 60. A problem facing the church on the eve of reformation; direct relationship between an individual and God
  26. 61. Movement that dealt with religious concerns and helped lay foundation for Protestant Reformation
  27. 62. another example of a radical group. Denied the trinity and were hunted by Lutherans and Catholics
  28. 63. Legal recognition of Lutheranism in territories with Lutheran rulers while retaining Catholicism in territories with Catholic rulers
  29. 65. Movement that moved from Florence to Rome. Popes became patrons instead of the religious backlash in Florence
  30. 66. The new establishment that used two sacraments instead of seven, Jesus already present in Communion (did not need an ordained clergyman), and rejected celibacy (the founder married a nun)
  31. 67. Stated that all spiritual cases in the kingdom were within the king's jurisdiction
  32. 68. A Woman who received a humanist education, wrote City of Ladies to demonstrate women were not inferior
Down
  1. 1. Often in Italy; where the Renaissance first took place because of their location in the center of trade routes between the Greek East and the Latin West. Controlled by the H.R.E in the 14 and 15 centuries
  2. 2. an emotional, over the top, intensely religious style, partially instituted in creation by disapprobation of religious failings in late Renaissance Mannerist style
  3. 3. 16 century painter, architect, and writer, used the word "rebirth" to describe the era in which he lived; thought he owed nothing to the "backward" middle ages but instead looked to the classical past (he was kind of wrong)
  4. 4. Responded "heretically" to the problems facing the church; questioned wealth of church, transubstantiation, penance, indulgences, and translated the Bible into English
  5. 5. Created educational program for women, but left out rhetoric and public speech because women did not have an outlet for these skills supposedly
  6. 8. High Renaissance (and a little bit Late Renaissance) artist. Skilled in many areas. Sistine Chapel, David, Final Judgement (more tormented style of late Renaissance not harmony/grace of high Renaissance)
  7. 10. Swiss patriot reformer, refuted the claim that tithing was a divine institution, denied all sacraments called for social reform and was killed in battle
  8. 11. 1) Luther and his curch were conservative ("down with the murderous hordes of peasants..." 2) He was willing to be subordinate to the princes because the eternal was more important; gave more power to the princes 3) Luther encouraged Princes to seize church land, also giving more power to the princes 4) Due to turmoil in the H.R.E. german revolts were not dealt with for several crucial decades 5) Schmalkaldic war (princes versus Charles V) resulted in the Peace of Augsburg
  9. 12. King of England that supported the Catholic church and did not like protestantism, but because he wanted to divorce his wife and marry someone else he wanted to institute a church basically Catholic but without the overarching power of the pope
  10. 14. Some of his most important theology. 1) secular government had rights to reform the church 2) attacked other teachings of the church (like sacraments) 3) grace is the sole gift of God, by faith alone with the Bible as the source
  11. 15. A program of study including rhetoric and literature based on what students in the classical world would have studied
  12. 17. caused a split in western Christendom. Partly reflected changes in Europe like frustration from the rise in literacy and bibles but still only church interpretation.
  13. 19. Movement characterized by the spread of painters/art (ex: Durer's woodcuts moved peasants more than Luther's texts). Included Elizabethan renaissance in England where many exceptionally talented people like Shakespeare emerged in a place previously like cultural "backwater"
  14. 22. Spanish, mother of Mary Tudor/Bloody Mary, aunt of Charles V (emperor of H.R.E.)
  15. 24. also the first, daughter of Anne Boleyn, had a long and successful reign, led Church of England down a middle of the road protestant course
  16. 26. Also known as the catholic reformation, took steps to counteract Protestant success through measures like the index of prohibited books and a papal inquisition.
  17. 28. High Renaissance artist, had important commissions in the High Renaissance style
  18. 29. Greatest of northern humanists. Wrote In Praise of Folly criticizing the church. Inner faith not outer worship, wanted to reform not abandon church and could not accept Luther's theology that man does not have free will
  19. 30. 1529-1536, Henry used it to give himself absolute power (in church as well as in state)
  20. 31. Wealthy young florentines who used their classical education for public good; also studied classical Greek
  21. 32. Responded "heretically" to the problems facing the church; Bohemian, led a religious and nationalistic revolt, got burnt at the stake, his Bohemian followers responded by staging a rebellion
  22. 33. second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth Tudor
  23. 34. Father of Humanism. Studied literary classics, coined "Dark Ages" for the previous period of cultural stagnation. Learned classical Latin to read originals
  24. 36. declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him
  25. 37. Meeting that was the centerpiece of the counter-reformation; addressed issues that sparked the reformation (limited simony, required clergy education) but did not conceded any theological points
  26. 38. Title, rose to power in Milan, basically created a dictatorship of a republic (same in Florence and Venice)
  27. 41. A problem facing the church on the eve of reformation caused by black death and population decrease; dislike of the clergy
  28. 45. The selling of church offices, often led to hiring of poorly educated clergy that could not minister very well but did not need to be paid as much
  29. 46. Ancient politician/philosopher; it was the goal of humanists to write in this style
  30. 48. A family that "ruled" Florence through banking, and were later hereditary dukes of the city-state
  31. 50. Movement in the late 15 century due to the spread of Italian Renaissance Humanism. More concerned with Christianity. Christian Humanists (Erasmus/More) criticized Mother church; extreme (Luther) showed why the church had strayed
  32. 51. Built the first dome in Western Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire over the Cathedral of Florence
  33. 52. Catholic group founded by Ignatius Loyola, focus on missionary work, re-prosthelytized some places where Protestantism had made some large inroads (ex: Poland)
  34. 55. States controlled by the Pope mostly in central Italy. Contributed to tension in Italy (Naples in the South and Florence/Venice/Milan in the North)
  35. 56. Wrote The Courtier describing the ideal man of the age (polyglot, familiar with classical literature, skilled in the arts)
  36. 63. Wealthy high class people in Italy that monetarily commissioned and supported the arts
  37. 64. introduced movable type to West Europe, printed bibles, went broke