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  1. 7. the Emperor (1852–70) of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I
  2. 9. a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
  3. 14. a 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
  4. 18. British naturalist who revolutionized the study of biology with his theory of evolution based on natural selection. His most famous works include Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871).
  5. 20. emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners.
  6. 21. also known as the Congress System after the Congress of Vienna, represented the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914)
  7. 22. , German socialist leader and political philosopher, in England from 1849. He collaborated with Marx on The Communist Manifesto (1848) and his own works include Condition of the Working Classes in England (1844) and The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)
  8. 23. published "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848, which explains history as a class struggle between workers and owners of capital and sees a classless, communist society as an inevitable result of this struggle.
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  1. 1. German custom's unit formed to remove tariffs and trade barriers from inside the german confederation in the 19th cent.
  2. 2. an 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth.
  3. 3. , the mechanism by which Czar Alexander II freed all Russian serfs (one third of the total population). All personal serfdom was abolished, and the peasants were to receive land from the landlords and pay them for it.
  4. 4. son and successor of Nicholas I. He ascended the throne during the Crimean War (1853–56) and immediately set about negotiating a peace
  5. 5. The compromise set up a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, where Franz Joseph served as the ruler of both Austria and Hungary, each of which had its own parliament.
  6. 6. signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War and Britain acknowledged the United States to be sovereign and independent.
  7. 8. French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)
  8. 10. father of russian socialism
  9. 11. workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).
  10. 12. a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890.
  11. 13. empress. a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor. Queen of England. the sovereign ruler of England.
  12. 15. a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia
  13. 16. Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)
  14. 17. an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.
  15. 19. was the first round of military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the Schleswig-Holstein Question, contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.