AP Human Geo CH. 6

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Across
  1. 2. divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
  2. 4. language without any native speakers
  3. 5. local or regional characteristics of a language; has distictive grammer and vocabualary
  4. 6. applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic
  5. 8. linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia
  6. 10. the opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages
  7. 12. countries in which more than one language is spoken
  8. 16. the language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade
  9. 18. shift slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward torward its origin
  10. 19. the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
  11. 21. words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation
  12. 23. the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges.
  13. 24. language a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, etc.,
  14. 25. Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south
  15. 26. countries in which only one language is spoken
  16. 27. (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croation, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
Down
  1. 1. in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politcally powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
  2. 3. a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue
  3. 7. collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages
  4. 9. when parts of two languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
  5. 11. family group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
  6. 13. a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialect nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related
  7. 14. the fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location
  8. 15. the ability of two people to understand each other when speaking
  9. 17. place name
  10. 20. a geographic boundary within which a particular feature occurs
  11. 22. Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed