AP human geography

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Across
  1. 1. Transition Model A graph that shows how a country’s population changes as it develops from an agricultural society to an industrial one. It is essential because it helps geographers predict future population growth and economic needs.
  2. 5. A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another, like a port where goods move from ship to truck. It is hard to remember because the name doesn't clearly describe what's happening to a student.
  3. 9. to the whole body of churches or representing different Christian churches. It is hard to remember because it is a very high-level vocabulary word that sounds like "economy" but has nothing to do with it.
  4. 10. The power of a state to govern itself and have full control over its own internal and external affairs. This is a foundational concept because without it, a country isn't truly independent.
  5. 14. An economic policy where nations try to get more wealth by exporting more than they import. It is hard to remember because it refers to an old-fashioned system that feels disconnected from modern economics.
  6. 16. Large-scale farming that is integrated into the food-production industry, usually involving big corporations. It marks the shift from small family farms to the massive global food system we use today.
  7. 18. The benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters. It is hard to remember because "agglomeration" is a clunky, academic word for "clustering."
  8. 20. The movement of people from central urban areas into the suburbs on the outskirts of a city. It explains the "sprawl" seen in most American cities and changes in land use.
  9. 22. The basic physical systems of a city or country, such as roads, power grids, and water systems. It is crucial because a society cannot function or grow economically without these systems in place.
  10. 23. Reasons why people leave a location, like war or unemployment. It is commonly confused with pull factors, which are the reasons people are attracted to a new location.
  11. 25. The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the environment, like farming, mining, and fishing. It is important because it is the starting point for all global trade and production.
  12. 26. Index A statistic used by the UN to rank countries based on life expectancy, education, and income. It is the gold standard for measuring which countries are "developed" versus "developing."
  13. 27. The spread of a trend from one "key" person or node of authority to other people or places. It is hard to remember because students often struggle to visualize the "top-down" ranking system it describes.
  14. 28. An area where everyone shares one or more common characteristics, like a state border. It is commonly confused with a functional region, which is organized around a center point like a pizza delivery zone.
  15. 32. A religion that tries to appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture. It is commonly confused with ethnic religions, which are usually tied to one specific group or place.
  16. 33. When a group adopts some traits of a host culture but keeps their own distinct identity. It is commonly confused with assimilation, where the original culture is lost completely.
  17. 34. An attitude or force that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. This is a core concept for understanding why some countries stay together while others fall apart.
  18. 35. A period starting in the 1940s when new farming technology, like high-yield seeds and fertilizers, vastly increased food production. It is vital because it saved millions from starvation but also created environmental issues.
  19. 36. The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. It is hard to remember because it's a very specific agricultural term that isn't used in everyday conversation.
Down
  1. 2. The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. It is commonly confused with expansion diffusion, where the idea spreads while staying strong in its original spot.
  2. 3. The branch of the economy that involves high-level decision-making (like government or top CEOs). It is hard to remember because most people only learn about the first three sectors, and "quinary" is a rare word.
  3. 4. Development that meets the needs of people today without ruining the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a key term for solving modern problems like climate change and resource depletion.
  4. 6. Theory A theory that divides the world into "Core," "Periphery," and "Semi-periphery" countries based on wealth and power. It is essential for understanding global inequality
  5. 7. The blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new cultural trait. It is hard to remember because it sounds very similar to other "ism" words and describes a complex social process.
  6. 8. secondary sector is manufacturing them into goods (factories). They are commonly confused because they both deal with "stuff," but one grows/digs it and the other builds it.
  7. 11. The total number of people divided by the total land area. It is commonly confused with physiological density, which only counts farmable land.
  8. 12. A policy of advocating for the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it. It is hard to remember because it is a political term with a very specific, non-obvious Latin root.
  9. 13. When a global product or service is changed to suit local tastes or laws (like a McDonald's serving different food in India). It is hard to remember because it’s a "made-up" sounding word that mixes two concepts.
  10. 15. The theory that the environment sets limits, but people have the ability to adjust and choose their own path. It is commonly confused with environmental determinism, which says the environment dictates everything humans do.
  11. 17. The process by which businesses and cultures spread across the world, making the globe more connected. It explains why we can buy the same products and see the same media regardless of what country we are in.
  12. 19. The process where wealthier people move into a poor urban neighborhood, improving housing but often driving out the original, lower-income residents. It’s a major topic in modern urban geography and social justice.
  13. 21. The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the physical land, like buildings, farms, and roads. It is important because it shows how different groups of people have modified their environment over time.
  14. 24. Site is the physical character of a place (like soil or climate), while situation is the location of a place relative to other places. These are key for understanding why cities were built where they are.
  15. 29. primary sector is economic activities that involve extraction from the earth, commonly confused with secondary sector because they sound similar
  16. 30. An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government. It is commonly confused with "nation," which refers to a group of people with a shared culture, not necessarily a government.
  17. 31. A force that divides people and pulls a state apart. It is commonly confused with centripetal force; remember that "fugal" is like "fugitive" (running away/splitting).