AP Psych Unit 2

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Across
  1. 1. Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
  2. 10. The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to.
  3. 11. The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
  4. 13. Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood.
  5. 14. Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.
  6. 16. Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
  7. 17. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
  8. 20. The persistence of one’s initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
  9. 23. According to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
  10. 31. A focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed.
  11. 33. The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information.
  12. 34. Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
  13. 35. The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
  14. 36. Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
Down
  1. 2. A simple thinking strategy — a mental shortcut — that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm.
  2. 3. The mistaken belief that past outcomes influence the odds of future, independent random events—leading people to assume an outcome is "due" to happen because it hasn't occurred recently, or less likely to repeat because it just occurred.
  3. 4. A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
  4. 5. The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.
  5. 6. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
  6. 7. The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information.
  7. 8. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
  8. 9. A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
  9. 12. An inability to form new memories.
  10. 15. An inability to remember information from one’s past.
  11. 18. A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
  12. 19. A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier — but also more error prone — use of heuristics.
  13. 21. Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory).
  14. 22. Functions: Higher-level cognitive processes (associated with the prefrontal cortex) that enable planning, organizing, regulating attention, and carrying out goal-directed behavior.
  15. 24. Retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (also called declarative memory).
  16. 25. A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a this is a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a crow).
  17. 26. A newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.
  18. 27. Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
  19. 28. Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
  20. 29. Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
  21. 30. Continuing to invest time, money, or effort into a losing endeavor simply because of resources already spent.
  22. 32. A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance — the greater the disparity between two images, the closer the object.