AP Psych Unit 3

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Across
  1. 2. perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
  2. 5. the influence of bodily sensations, gestures,and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
  3. 6. below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
  4. 10. the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
  5. 11. the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
  6. 13. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  7. 15. our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
  8. 17. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond
  9. 18. a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
  10. 19. the eye's clear, protective outer layer that covers the iris and pupil
  11. 22. failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness
  12. 24. the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
  13. 25. the sense or act of hearing
  14. 28. perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelength reflected by the object
  15. 34. the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
  16. 38. the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
  17. 40. the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the amplitude of the wave
  18. 42. the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus the layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
  19. 48. a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of pupil opening
  20. 49. the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
  21. 52. the minimum differences between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as just a noticeable difference.
  22. 53. the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
  23. 54. the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
  24. 55. a binocular clue for perceiving depth. By comparing two retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object
  25. 56. the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
  26. 57. nerve the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  27. 58. nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement
  28. 60. the adjustable opening in the center of the eye from which light enters
  29. 61. the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coding from the brain
  30. 62. sensory nerve endings that respond to
  31. 63. retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
  32. 64. the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
  33. 65. a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
  34. 66. hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness
Down
  1. 1. in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place that the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
  2. 3. a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  3. 4. an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information through meaningful wholes
  4. 7. in hearing, the theory that the rate of the nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
  5. 8. a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
  6. 9. our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
  7. 12. a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; soundwaves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
  8. 14. processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.
  9. 16. the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  10. 20. an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
  11. 21. the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
  12. 23. a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
  13. 26. a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
  14. 27. the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
  15. 29. analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
  16. 30. the principle that one sense may influence another
  17. 31. the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names
  18. 32. the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
  19. 33. the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
  20. 35. the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  21. 36. diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
  22. 37. the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
  23. 39. information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perception drawing on our experience and expectations
  24. 41. the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
  25. 43. conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
  26. 44. a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
  27. 45. the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum on the cochlea's oval window
  28. 46. failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
  29. 47. the organization of the visual fields into objects that stand out from their surroundings
  30. 50. the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
  31. 51. the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
  32. 59. sense of smell