AP Psychology Unit 1: SubUnit 3: Perception and Sensation

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Across
  1. 2. the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
  2. 3. the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
  3. 7. a tone’s experienced highness or lowness, depending on frequency
  4. 8. the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
  5. 9. retinal receptor cells that function in daylight or well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
  6. 10. a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations into nerve impulses
  7. 12. in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling pitch perception
  8. 15. analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
  9. 16. a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
  10. 18. the sense of smell
  11. 21. the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (such as intensity) and our psychological experience of them
  12. 23. the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light (e.g., blue, green, red)
  13. 24. the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  14. 26. the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information
  15. 28. in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
  16. 29. the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
  17. 34. neuroscientist who, along with Torsten Wiesel, won the Nobel Prize for work on feature detectors in the visual cortex
  18. 35. the sense or act of hearing
  19. 36. the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
  20. 38. the eye’s clear, protective outer layer that bends light to provide focus
  21. 39. the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there
  22. 41. the brain’s ability to process many aspects of a problem simultaneously, such as color, motion, form, and depth in vision
  23. 44. neuroscientist who, with David Hubel, discovered feature detector cells in the visual cortex
  24. 46. the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
  25. 47. the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
  26. 48. the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time; determines pitch
  27. 49. the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (red, green, blue) that can combine to produce the perception of any color
  28. 51. the principle that one sense may influence another (e.g., smell affecting taste)
  29. 52. the process of converting one form of energy into another; in sensation, transforming stimulus energies into neural impulses
Down
  1. 1. nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
  2. 4. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  3. 5. information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectations
  4. 6. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; also called just noticeable difference (JND)
  5. 11. founder of psychophysics, studied the relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation/perception
  6. 13. the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
  7. 14. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones do not respond
  8. 17. specialized neurons that respond to specific types of sensory information, such as light, sound, touch, taste, and smell
  9. 19. the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which influences brightness (light) or loudness (sound)
  10. 20. the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  11. 22. the sense of taste
  12. 25. diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
  13. 27. the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
  14. 28. the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
  15. 30. the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
  16. 31. the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (ossicles) that concentrate vibrations of the eardrum
  17. 32. a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation; depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
  18. 33. psychologist who discovered the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion (not a constant amount) to be perceived as different
  19. 36. the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next; determines hue (color) in vision and pitch in sound
  20. 37. the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
  21. 40. stimuli that are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
  22. 42. hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  23. 43. the theory that opposing retinal processes (red–green, blue–yellow, black–white) enable color vision
  24. 45. hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
  25. 50. a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening