AP Psychology Unit 2: Subunit 2: Memory

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Across
  1. 1. A condition in which a person with limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or art.
  2. 11. A type of explicit memory involving general knowledge, facts, and concepts not tied to specific experiences.
  3. 14. In Freudian theory, the unconscious defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
  4. 16. The degree to which a test truly measures the psychological concept it claims to assess.
  5. 20. The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences.
  6. 21. The eerie sense that one has experienced a situation before, possibly due to a memory misfire or processing overlap.
  7. 22. Passion and perseverance in pursuing long-term goals.
  8. 23. The process of bringing stored information into conscious awareness.
  9. 24. A newer understanding of short-term memory focusing on active processing of incoming information and retrieval from long-term memory.
  10. 27. A component of working memory that stores and rehearses auditory information, such as spoken words.
  11. 28. A comprehensive model integrating fluid and crystallized intelligence within a hierarchical framework of cognitive abilities.
  12. 32. The process by which stored memories are recalled and then modified or updated before being re-stored.
  13. 39. The brain’s ability to process many aspects of a problem or stimulus simultaneously.
  14. 40. The widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test.
  15. 41. Neuroscientist known for research on the biological basis of memory, demonstrating synaptic changes during learning in sea slugs.
  16. 42. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
  17. 46. The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning.
  18. 50. Defining meaningful test scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
  19. 52. An inability to retrieve information from one’s past, often due to brain injury.
  20. 55. Psychologist who, with Richard Shiffrin, proposed the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory consisting of sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
  21. 56. Cognitive scientist known for his research on language, cognition, and evolutionary psychology.
  22. 59. Enhanced memory after retrieving information rather than simply rereading it; also known as the retrieval practice effect.
  23. 60. Psychologist who identified seven primary mental abilities, challenging Spearman’s single-factor theory.
  24. 61. A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
  25. 62. The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
  26. 63. Psychologist known for her research on mindset theory, distinguishing between fixed and growth mindsets.
  27. 65. Psychologist who developed widely used intelligence tests for adults and children, including the WAIS and WISC.
  28. 66. A learning technique involving mixing different topics or forms of practice to enhance retention and problem-solving.
  29. 67. The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it claims to.
  30. 68. A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.
  31. 69. When older information interferes with the recall of newer information.
  32. 70. A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
  33. 71. Early psychologist who studied hereditary genius and pioneered psychometrics, applying statistical methods to human differences.
Down
  1. 2. A type of explicit memory involving personal experiences and specific events in one’s life.
  2. 3. The extent to which a test samples the behavior or content it is intended to measure.
  3. 4. A clear, vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
  4. 5. A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve representing the distribution of many traits, with most scores near the average.
  5. 6. When misleading information presented after an event distorts memory of that event.
  6. 7. The process of getting information into the memory system for storage and later retrieval.
  7. 8. A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
  8. 9. Psychologist who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting eight distinct types of intelligence.
  9. 10. Psychologist who proposed the concept of general intelligence (g) underlying all intellectual abilities.
  10. 12. Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
  11. 13. Memory aids, often using vivid imagery or organizational devices to make information easier to recall.
  12. 15. The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
  13. 17. A measure of intelligence based on the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
  14. 18. The ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age.
  15. 19. The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
  16. 25. Encoding information based on surface characteristics, such as the structure or appearance of words.
  17. 26. Attributing a memory to the wrong source, such as confusing something you heard about with something you experienced.
  18. 29. Psychologist who developed the first practical intelligence test to identify students needing academic assistance.
  19. 30. A statistical method used to identify clusters of related items (factors) on a test.
  20. 31. The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed practice.
  21. 33. Organizing items into familiar, manageable units to enhance memory retention.
  22. 34. A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier without cues, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
  23. 35. The belief that intelligence and abilities are innate and unchangeable.
  24. 36. The part of working memory that temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.
  25. 37. The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, aiding learning and memory.
  26. 38. Psychologist who revised Binet’s test for American use, creating the Stanford-Binet intelligence test.
  27. 43. The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or across different forms.
  28. 44. A test designed to predict a person’s capacity to learn or perform well in the future.
  29. 45. A common factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every intelligence test.
  30. 47. A group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as age, studied over time.
  31. 48. The success with which a test predicts future performance or behavior it’s meant to forecast.
  32. 49. The process of retaining encoded information over time.
  33. 51. A test designed to measure what a person has learned.
  34. 53. An inability to form new memories after brain injury or trauma.
  35. 54. A research method that compares people of different ages at one point in time.
  36. 57. The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
  37. 58. A pioneering memory researcher who discovered the forgetting curve and spacing effect through experiments with nonsense syllables.
  38. 64. The worldwide phenomenon of rising intelligence test scores over time.