AP Psychology: Unit 3 Biological Bases off Behavior

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Across
  1. 2. / bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
  2. 5. Sperry / said that split-brain surgery leaves people "with two separate minds" Both hemispheres comprehend and follow an instruction to copy simultaneously.
  3. 11. neuroscience / the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
  4. 13. nervous system / the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (skeletal nervous system)
  5. 15. (afferent) neurons / neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
  6. 17. (computerized tomography) scan / a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure
  7. 19. / a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response
  8. 20. / a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward
  9. 21. Wernicke / German investigator that helped lead to the discovery of specialized language brain areas. Damage to Wernicke's area disrupts understanding
  10. 23. / the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
  11. 25. / a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
  12. 28. / a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
  13. 30. nervous system / the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
  14. 33. potential / a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
  15. 34. glands / the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
  16. 35. / the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands
  17. 37. / the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory
  18. 39. / the formation of new neurons
  19. 41. / threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
  20. 43. system / the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  21. 44. / chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron
  22. 46. / a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response
  23. 47. period / a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
  24. 50. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear
  25. 51. / "morphine within" - natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
  26. 52. formation / a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal
  27. 55. cells (glia) / cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking
  28. 56. / the proportion of variation among the individuals that we can attribute to genes. The ____ of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environment studied
  29. 58. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgment
  30. 59. response / a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing
  31. 60. / the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
  32. 61. / a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
  33. 62. nervous system / the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
  34. 64. / chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
  35. 68. genetics / the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
  36. 69. twins (monozygotic twins) / twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
  37. 71. (positron emission tomography) scan / a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
  38. 72. genetics / the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
  39. 74. selection / Charles Darwin. the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
  40. 75. system / neural system (hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
  41. 76. processing / the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Down
  1. 1. (deoxyribonucleic acid) / a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
  2. 3. / a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
  3. 4. / tissue destruction. a brain ___ is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
  4. 6. / the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
  5. 7. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields
  6. 8. psychology / the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
  7. 9. cortex / an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement
  8. 10. cortex / area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
  9. 11. nervous system / the brain and the spinal cord
  10. 12. / the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
  11. 14. / our awareness of ourselves and our environment
  12. 16. / the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
  13. 18. / the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
  14. 22. sheath / a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next
  15. 24. (magnetic resonance imaging) / a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Shows brain anatomy
  16. 26. / every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
  17. 27. Darwin / evolutionary psychologist that created the survival of the fittest and natural selection
  18. 29. / the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
  19. 31. (EEG) / an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
  20. 32. psychology / the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
  21. 35. areas / areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
  22. 36. system / the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
  23. 38. callosum / the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
  24. 40. twins (dizygotic twins) / twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
  25. 42. / neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
  26. 45. glands / a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
  27. 48. cortex / the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
  28. 49. / the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions
  29. 53. nervous system / the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
  30. 54. / the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience; brain's ability to modify itself after damage
  31. 57. / the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
  32. 63. nervous system / the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs.
  33. 65. brain / a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
  34. 66. lobes / portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
  35. 67. / the basic building block of the nervous system
  36. 68. Gazzangia / split-brain experiments. would ask people to stare at a dot as he slashed HE.ART on a screen. HE appeared in their left visual field and ART appeared in the right field. This taught that the right field transmits to the left hemisphere, and each hemisphere reported what it had seen
  37. 70. / two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion
  38. 71. Broca / French physician that helped lead to the discovery of specialized language brain areas. Damage to Broca's area disrupts speaking
  39. 73. (functional MRI) / a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Shows brain function as well as its structure