AP Psychology Unit 4

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Across
  1. 4. information processing guided by higher-level mental process, as when we construct perceptions drawing out our experience and expectation.
  2. 6. a ring of muscle tissue that forms the color portions of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
  3. 8. analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
  4. 10. receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine details and give rise to color sensation.
  5. 12. Amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by amplitude.
  6. 13. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
  7. 16. the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
  8. 17. a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimuli "signal" amid background stimulation "noise". Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
  9. 18. threshold the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
  10. 21. the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
  11. 25. the study of relationship between the physical characteristic of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  12. 26. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
  13. 27. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.
  14. 29. the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Down
  1. 1. the activation, often unconsciously of certain associations, thus predisposing, one's perception, memory, or response.
  2. 2. the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
  3. 3. the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
  4. 5. detection of stimuli below absolute threshold
  5. 7. the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
  6. 9. diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
  7. 11. the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  8. 14. failing to notice changes in the environment
  9. 15. mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another (for example, due to suggestion or expectations based on prior learning)
  10. 19. conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
  11. 20. the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
  12. 22. the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
  13. 23. the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
  14. 24. the dimension of color that is determine by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
  15. 28. failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
  16. 30. the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition