AP World- Chapters 10,12, and 13

123456789101112131415161718192021222324
Across
  1. 2. of exploration-A period of European exploration and discovery that lasted from 1418-1620.
  2. 3. henry- ”The navigator” Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation as well as financially and morally supporting navigators.
  3. 5. Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants.
  4. 8. system- Reflected Spanish understandings of themselves as superior to those of mixed, indigenous, or African heritage. Helping it maintain Spanish superiority by placing “pure” Spanish at the top.
  5. 9. first permanent English settlement in North America found in East Virginia and settled in 1607.
  6. 11. Stock Company- A form of commercial organization protecting investments.
  7. 15. mining-The backbone of the colonial Spanish American export economy with chief extractive centers in northern Mexico and Peru.
  8. 17. invention that spread throughout the Indian Ocean Basin and into the mediterranean sea allowing mariners to sail long distances with confidence in their ability to find their destination-page 316
  9. 18. India Company- English and Dutch merchant joint-stock companies.
  10. 19. years war- Worldwide struggle between Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Spain that resulted from European efforts to establish markets around the world.
  11. 21. Diaspora-The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas leading to mixed tradition and cultures around the world.
  12. 22. maritime domination- Portuguese vessels were equipped with heavy artillery and were able to overpower other ships and coastal communities with their cannons and forced ships to purchase safe conduct products.
  13. 23. d’Alboquerque- The commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian ocean during the early 16th century.
  14. 24. of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with Melilla.
Down
  1. 1. born in Iberia who held the highest offices and important military or political decisions.
  2. 4. Spaniards born in colonies that were officers of the army but not in the government.
  3. 6. dominant religion in Mexico.
  4. 7. Exchange- the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners.
  5. 10. slave labor-As large numbers of indigenous peoples began to die and indentured servitude was becoming less common and English settlers turned to enslaved Aficans to work their plantations.
  6. 12. passage- A water route from Atlantic to the Pacific through Northern Canada and along the Northern coast of Alaska sought by navigators since the 16th century in order to avoid the Spanish in Central America.
  7. 13. of Tordesillas- Treaty that set the boundaries established in 1493 to set where the Portuguese and Spanish could colonize.
  8. 14. Representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain’ colonial empire.
  9. 16. Cortes-Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
  10. 20. System-The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.