APES Unit 5

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Across
  1. 1. Pesticide that breaks down relatively rapidly, usually in weeks or months, and have fewer long-term effects but because they must be applied more often their overall environmental impact is not always lower than that of persistent pesticides.
  2. 5. The average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust.
  3. 6. The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it is not regulated in some way.
  4. 9. A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms.
  5. 10. The process of digging deep into the soil and turning it over.
  6. 12. A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.
  7. 15. Excessive grazing that can reduce or remove vegetation and erode and compact the soil.
  8. 16. A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive.
  9. 17. The removal of overlying vegetation and “strips” of soil and rock to expose underlying ore.
  10. 19. A mining technique that creates a large visible pit or hole in the ground.
  11. 21. The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more.
  12. 22. An agricultural method in which land is cleared and farmed for only a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.
  13. 23. A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region.
  14. 24. A form of irrigation where the farmer digs trenches, or furrows, along the crop rows, and fills them with water.
  15. 25. Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.
  16. 27. The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments.
  17. 28. The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced.
  18. 29. The uppermost level at which the groundwater in a given area fully saturates the rock or soil.
  19. 30. A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.
  20. 32. Unwanted waste material created during mining; chemical compounds and rock residues that are left behind after the desired metal or ore is removed.
  21. 33. Total daily per capita use of freshwater for a country or the world.
  22. 35. The preparation of soil through a variety of activities including plowing but also including stirring, digging, and cultivating.
  23. 37. A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output.
  24. 41. The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing.
  25. 42. A pesticide that specifically targets fungi (the plural of fungus).
  26. 44. A pesticide that remains in the environment for years to decades.
  27. 46. Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging.
  28. 48. The process by which water from precipitation percolates through the soil into groundwater.
  29. 50. An area surrounding a well that does not contain groundwater.
  30. 51. The feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances.
  31. 53. Dry, open grassland primarily used for grazing cattle.
  32. 54. The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.
  33. 55. An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.
  34. 56. A 1973 U.S. law designed to protect plant and animal species that are threatened with extinction, and the habitats that support those species.
  35. 59. A well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer.
  36. 60. Porous rock covered by soil.
  37. 62. The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for.
  38. 63. The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for.
Down
  1. 2. A large area typically planted with a single fast growing tree species.
  2. 3. A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.
  3. 4. Pore spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment underneath the soil that store groundwater.
  4. 7. Farming for consumption by the farming family and maybe a few neighbors.
  5. 8. A form of irrigation where an entire field is flooded with water.
  6. 11. Surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay, which impedes water flow to or from the aquifer.
  7. 13. A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.
  8. 14. A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted.
  9. 18. A form of irrigation where a slowly dripping hose on the ground or buried beneath the soil delivers water directly to the plant roots.
  10. 20. An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy and to perform other important functions.
  11. 25. A form of irrigation where water is pumped into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles.
  12. 26. Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization to the production of food.
  13. 31. A pesticide that kills many different types of pest.
  14. 34. A method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area.
  15. 36. A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.
  16. 38. A pesticide that specifically targets rodents.
  17. 39. Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels.
  18. 40. Human-made pond lined with rubber built to handle large quantities of manure produced by livestock.
  19. 43. Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals.
  20. 45. Water that naturally percolates up to the surface.
  21. 46. Allowing animals to graze outdoors on grass for most or all of their lifecycle.
  22. 47. Pavement or other surfaces that do not allow water penetration.
  23. 49. The method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small number of trees from the larger forest.
  24. 52. A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops.
  25. 57. A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum occupancy of animals and maximum output of meat.
  26. 58. In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.
  27. 61. An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs.