Bilingual Speech Perception

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Across
  1. 5. Listeners adapt easily to accents
  2. 6. bidirectional influence between two or more language competences; a common characteristic of bilingual speech that is manifested in different ways
  3. 8. each language represented in separate systems
  4. 9. Back-frontal cortical development in infants
  5. 13. unbalanced degree of proficiency and behavioral performance across language competences
  6. 14. L1 and L2 are used in different contexts
  7. 17. identical items are represented in a single underlying neural substrate common to both, but different items have own-language representations
  8. 18. Bilinguals seem to recruit cognitive control networks associated with the processing of effortful speech and executive functioning
  9. 19. L1 and L2 share contextual frames
  10. 20. local switching "my laptop no function"
  11. 21. undifferentiated representations
Down
  1. 1. bilinguals exposed to L2 at an older age
  2. 2. global switching across full language competences
  3. 3. a similar degree of proficiency and behavioral performance
  4. 4. context-specific selection of language norms; common in coordinated bilinguals
  5. 7. systematic deviation of a particular native speech norm; Determined by phonetic differences and similarities between the native norm of the foreign-accented speaker and the native listener; Phonetically-based speech distortion
  6. 10. of primary perceptual cues from the dominant language background; Very common in unbalanced early bilinguals and long-term immigrants
  7. 11. bilinguals exposed to L2 since a young age
  8. 12. top-down controlled and can be modulated by language dominance. It is typically more effortful to switch back to the dominant language (L1)
  9. 15. larger language system contains two subsystems
  10. 16. of secondary perceptual cues; common in unbalanced late bilinguals