biology

2. Transport – The movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy (ATP), often against a concentration gradient.
6. Reticulum (ER) – A network of membranes that helps in the production and transport of proteins and lipids (rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not).
11. Membrane – A flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves.
12. Apparatus – Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
13. – A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells).
15. – Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste, old cell parts, and foreign invaders.
16. – A network of protein filaments that gives the cell shape and helps with movement.
19. – The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

1. – A storage sac within the cell, larger in plant cells, storing water, nutrients, or waste.
3. – The jelly-like fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended.
4. – The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
5. – A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
7. – The control center of the cell that contains DNA.
8. Theory – States that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
9. – The “powerhouse” of the cell; produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
10. – The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
14. – A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).
16. Wall – A rigid outer layer found in plant, fungi, and some prokaryotic cells that provides support and protection.
17. – Organelle found in plant cells that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
18. – The site of protein synthesis; can be free-floating or attached to rough ER.