Biology 20 - Chapter 6 Key Terms

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Across
  1. 3. the first organ of the digestive system where mechanical digestion through chewing and chemical digestion through enzymes begin.
  2. 8. the long coiled organ where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur.
  3. 11. macromolecules such as DNA and RNA that store and transmit genetic information.
  4. 12. large molecules composed of amino acids that perform functions such as structure, transport, defense, and catalyzing chemical reactions.
  5. 13. a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid entering the small intestine.
  6. 14. hydrophobic organic molecules such as fats, oils, and phospholipids that store energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes.
  7. 15. large biological molecules made from smaller repeating units (monomers), including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that perform important functions in living organisms.
  8. 16. digestive enzymes that break carbohydrates into simple sugars.
  9. 17. inorganic nutrients needed for body processes such as enzyme function, bone formation, and maintaining fluid balance.
  10. 21. a muscular organ that mechanically churns food and chemically digests proteins using acid and enzymes.
  11. 22. a large organ that produces bile, processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores energy.
  12. 23. the section of the digestive tract that absorbs water and forms feces from undigested material.
  13. 25. a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks proteins into smaller peptide fragments.
  14. 27. wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the digestive tract.
  15. 28. an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller sugar molecules such as maltose.
  16. 31. small finger-like projections lining the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
  17. 32. rhythmic contractions in the small intestine that mix food with digestive enzymes and increase nutrient absorption.
  18. 33. an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin to regulate blood sugar.
Down
  1. 1. a muscular valve that regulates the passage of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.
  2. 2. digestive enzymes that break proteins into amino acids or smaller peptides.
  3. 4. a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules through the addition of water.
  4. 5. the first section of the small intestine where digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver enter to continue digestion.
  5. 6. digestive enzymes that break lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
  6. 7. a chemical reaction that joins two molecules together by removing a molecule of water to form a larger molecule or polymer.
  7. 9. tiny projections on intestinal cells that further increase surface area and efficiency of nutrient absorption.
  8. 10. organic compounds required in small amounts that help regulate metabolic processes and maintain normal body functions.
  9. 18. a small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
  10. 19. hardened deposits that form in the gall bladder from bile components.
  11. 20. a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
  12. 24. a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and prevents stomach contents from flowing backward.
  13. 26. organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve mainly as a source of energy and structural support in organisms.
  14. 29. a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.
  15. 30. a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells.