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6. these are ___ ____ that affect transmission, which is overcrowding, poor ventilation, poor diet, homelessness and living or working with people who have migrated from areas where a disease is more common.
7. this is where pathogens become attached to a _____ insect e.g. beetles in an infected tree can go and visit an uninfected tree spreading the pathogen and acting as a vector . this is an example of indirect transmission
9. this is an example of direct transmission which occurs when pathogen can be carried in air or reside on surfaces in soil e.g. anthrax and tetanus. this can be reduced by use of a mask and washing skin after contact with soil.
10. a way to reduce transmission by physical contact by using ____ during intercourse
11. this is an example of direct transmission which occurs when pathogen is carried in tiny water droplets in the air e.g. Tb and influenza. this can be reduced by catch it-bin it-kill it and to cover mouth when coughing or sneezing - using tissue ensuring it is disposed correctly.
12. this is an example of direct transmission which occurs when touching infectious person or contaminated surfaces including soil that harbour pathogens. e.g. bacterial meningitis, athletes foot, ring worm
13. a way to reduce transmission by physical contact which involves washing hands regularly esp after toilet

1. this is where soil based pathogen entering plants via roots esp if there is damage due to replant, fungal spores carried by the wind in airborne transmission, pathogens infects vascular bundle in plants, pathogens in leaves are reintroduced back into soil when leaves are shed and can grow to reinfect other plants, pathogens can enter fruits and seeds - distributing seed and infecting offspring these are methods of direct transmission __ ____.
2. this is an example of direct transmission which occurs when eating food or drinking water contaminated by the pathogen e.g. cholera or food poisoning. this can be reduced by treatment of waste water, treatment of drinking water, washing of all fresh food using treated water, careful prep and thorough cooking of all food
3. passing a pathogen from host to new host via a vector for example the transmission of malaria
4. passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
5. passing a pathogen from host to new host with no intermediary
8. a way to reduce transmission by physical contact by _____ surgical instruments
10. a way to reduce transmission by physical contact by keeping surfaces ___ and ____ing cuts and abrasions