Biology

Across

3. a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
4. a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides.
7. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
9. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
12. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
13. A chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor.
15. a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
19. the smallest unit that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
20. a chemical element with an atomic number of 8.
23. the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms.
25. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
26. is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
27. is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein.
28. A product of fermentation.
31. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus.
32. a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.
33. a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier.
34. a type of respiration where oxygen is not used or scarce.
35. is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
37. is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
39. is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
40. the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Down

1. is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
2. a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions.
5. is similar to paracrine signaling but there is a special structure called the synapse between the cell originating and the cell receiving the signal.
6. Is a necessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP.
8. a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
10. A molecule made up of amino acids.
11. is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
14. Fermentation a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
16. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
17. A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
18. A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.
21. Is a reaction that use atp through catabolism of ketone bodies.
22. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.
24. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.
29. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
30. a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
36. an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms.
38. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.