Biology

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Across
  1. 2. is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
  2. 8. is an important mechanism by which cells can respond to their environment and extracellular cues.
  3. 10. a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
  4. 12. Is a reaction that use atp through catabolism of ketone bodies.
  5. 15. is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
  6. 16. a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
  7. 17. a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides.
  8. 18. a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
  9. 21. the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
  10. 23. A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.
  11. 26. a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
  12. 27. is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
  13. 30. a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
  14. 32. A product of fermentation.
  15. 33. a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.
  16. 34. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
  17. 35. A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
  18. 36. is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
  19. 37. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
  20. 38. A molecule made up of amino acids.
  21. 39. a chemical element with an atomic number of 8
  22. 40. the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
  23. 41. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. Happens in muscle cells.
Down
  1. 1. a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
  2. 3. is similar to paracrine signaling but there is a special structure called the synapse between the cell originating and the cell receiving the signal.
  3. 4. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus
  4. 5. an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms.
  5. 6. A chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor.
  6. 7. a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions
  7. 9. is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
  8. 11. a type of respiration where oxygen is not used or scarce.
  9. 13. the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
  10. 14. is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein
  11. 19. is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
  12. 20. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate
  13. 22. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
  14. 24. a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH
  15. 25. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
  16. 28. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
  17. 29. Is a necessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP
  18. 31. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.